BLM LIBRARY
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Land Management
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Bureau of Land Management:
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
DRAFT
ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT
ON
GRAZING MANAGEMENT
IN THE
DIXIE RESOURCE AREA
HOT DESERT
PREPARED BY
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
ficc^r x. / rfr^-s*^'
STATE DIRECTOR, UTAH STATE OFFICE
SUMMARY
(X) Draft ( ) Final Environmental Statement
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management
1. Type of Action: (X) Administrative ( ) Legislative
2. Brief Description of Action: Livestock grazing management plans are
proposed on 529,564 acres of public land in V/ashington County, Utah to provide
sustained, long term, productive use of the natural resources. Objectives of
the proposed action are: (1) to prevent continued decline of soil, water, and
the vegetative resources; (2) to improve desired vegetative density and vigor;
(3) to enhance wildlife habitat, including that for deer, desert tortoise, and
quail; (4) to reduce soil loss from erosion; and (5) to provide long-term
stability to the domestic livestock industry. These objectives v/ould be
accomplished by implementing 42 Allotment Management Plans (AMPs), 14 Custo-
dial Management Plans, and 3 plans to eliminate grazing. Four basic grazing
systems are proposed. They include: (1) systems that incorporate at least a
1-year rest period as a primary treatment on 401,271 acres involving 17,632
AUMs, (2) systems that delay grazing on a portion of the allotment each year
during the grov/ing period and rotate this delay among pastures on 46,172 acres
involving 1,672 AUMs, (3) systems that delay grazing each year until after the
growing period on a particular pasture on 25,533 acres involving 333 AUMs, and
(4) systems involving season-long use primarily during the winter period on
29,546 acres involving 617 AUMs.
To facilitate these management systems, range developments such as cattle-
guards, fences, water developments, and seedings v/ould be needed.
3. Summary of Environmental Impacts: In the long term, herbaceous forage
would improve, resulting in a 10 to 20-percent reduction of soil loss, enhance-
ment of wildlife habitat, and an increase in livestock forage production from
20,767 AUMs to 26,389 AUMs after 24 years of intensive management.
In the short term, adverse impacts on specific sites would result from
livestock grazing pastures in the spring, resulting in the vegetation not
completing growth requirements, livestock grazing in competition with deer on
critical winter ranges, and livestock operations receiving reductions in
stocking rates. These impacts are either mitigated or resolved in alternative
(g) below.
4. Alternatives Considered:
a. Elimination of all livestock grazing
b. No action
c. Restricted grazing during growing season
d. Limited livestock grazing during first grazing cycle
e. Delayed implementation of the proposed action
f. Increased potential livestock production
g. Reduction of adverse impacts on selected allotments
5. Comments Have Been Requested From the Following: (See Attachment).
6. Date Draft Statement Made Available to CEQ and the Public:
in
FEDERAL AGENCIES
U.S. Forest Service
U.S. Geological Survey
Fish and Wildlife Service
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Environmental Protection Agency
National Park Service
Bureau of Reclamation
Solicitor
Soil Conservation Service
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
STATE AGENCIES
Utah State Clearinghouse
Utah State Historic Preservation Officer
State Engineer
Division of State Parks
Division of Wildlife Resources
Division of Lands
Office of Planning and Coordination
Division of Natural Resources
LOCAL AGENCIES
Washington County Commissioners
Five-County Association of Governments
INTEREST GROUPS
Sierra Club
Wildlife Federation
Natural Resources Defense Council
ISSUE
Friends of the Earth
Water Conservation District
Utah Environment Center
Utah Mining Association
National Parks and Recreation Association
American Horse Protection Association, Inc.
Zion First National Bank, St. George, Utah
Desert Tortoise Council
National Council of Public Land Users
Ada County Fish and Game League
INDIVIDUALS
James Morgan
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 - DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION
Page Number
INTRODUCTION 1-1
Background 1-1
Purpose and Need 1-3
PROPOSED ACTION 1-5
Fundamental Grazing Characteristics 1-5
Animal Use Characteristics 1-5
Specific Comments of the Proposal 1-6
Proposed Action 1-10
Elimination of Grazing 1-10
Custodial Management of Livestock Grazing 1-10
Intensive Management of Grazing 1-11
Two-Pasture Systems 1-16
One-Pasture Rest Systems 1-16
RANGE DEVELOPMENTS 1-22
Development of Range Facilities 1-22
Design Restrictions 1-23
Specific Range Developments Proposed 1-25
Springs 1-25
Pipelines 1-27
Wells 1-27
Rainfall Catchments 1-29
Water Storage Tanks 1-29
Water Troughs 1-29
Reservoirs 1-30
Fences 1-30
Cattleguards 1-34
Trails 1-34
Seedings (chainings) 1-36
Maintenance 1-36
Implementation Schedule 1-36
GRAZING ADMINISTRATION AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURES 1-45
Administration 1-45
Implementation 1-45
Related Actions 1-46
Federal Actions 1-46
State Actions 1-46
County Actions 1-46
MONITORING PROGRAM 1-47
Evaluation and Studies 1-47
Modification 1-47
INTERRELATIONSHIPS 1-48
Federal Programs 1-48
Utah BLM 1-48
Description of Planning System 1-48
Land and Resource Inventory 1-49
Unit Resource Analysis (URA) 1-49
Social Economic Profile 1-49
Planning Area Analysis 1-49
Management Framework Plan (MFP) 1-49
Activity Plans 1-50
Recommended Decisions for Livestock 1-50
Management Activities
Present or Potential Land Uses That Interact 1-58
With Livestock Grazing
Arizona BLM 1-59
Bureau of Reclamation 1-59
Forest Service 1-59
Soil Conservation Service 1-60
State of Utah Programs 1-60
Washington County Programs 1-62
Private Programs 1-63
Allen-Warner Valley Energy Systems 1-63
Private Ranching Operations 1-63
CHAPTER 2 - DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Page Number
INTRODUCTION 2-1
CLIMATE 2-4
General 2-4
Temperature 2-4
Precipitation 2-4
Evaporation 2-6
Relative Humidity 2-6
Winds 2-6
AIR QUALITY 2-9
GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY 2-10
VI
SOILS 2-11
Introduction 2-11
Soil Description 2-11
Production Potentials 2-15
Current Erosion 2-15
Erosion Potential (Susceptibility) 2-15
VEGETATION 2-22
Vegetative Types 2-22
Areas of No Livestock Forage Allocation 2-28
Riparian Vegetation 2-28
Vegetative Condition 2-31
Livestock Forage Condition 2-31
Ecological Vegetative Condition 2-31
Apparent Trend 2-32
Production 2-33
Threatened and Endangered Vegetation 2-33
Arctomecon humilis 2-34
Astragalus striatiflorus 2-34
Echinocereus engelmanmi var. purpureus 2-34
Hetrotheca jonesii 2-34
Pediocactus sileri 2-34
Poisonous Plants 2-34
WILDLIFE 2-41
Introduction 2-41
Mammals 2-41
Mule Deer 2-41
Bighorn Sheep 2-46
Other Mammals 2-46
Game Birds 2-47
Gambel's Quail 2-47
Mourning Dove 2-48
Waterfowl 2-49
Nongame Birds and Raptors 2-49
Reptiles 2-50
Desert Tortoise 2-50
Threatened or Endangered Species 2-58
Peregrine Falcon 2-58
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES 2-59
Introduction 2-59
Water Supply 2-59
Ground Water 2-59
Surface Water 2-60
Water Utilization 2-60
Water Quality 2-64
Fisheries 2-65
Vll
Riparian Habitat 2-66
Species and Populations 2-67
Endangered and Potentially Sensitive Species .... 2-67
CULTURAL RESOURCES 2-70
LAND USE 2-72
Introduction 2-72
Plans, Controls, and Constraints 2-73
Federal Agencies 2-73
State Agencies 2-74
Utah State Parks and Recreation Division 2-74
Division of Wildlife Resources 2-75
Land Use 2-75
Recreation 2-75
Visual Resources 2-76
Wilderness 2-77
Agriculture (nongrazing) 2-77
Livestock Grazing 2-80
Transportation Networks 2-82
SOCIOECONOMICS 2-89
Introduction 2-89
Regional Economy 2-89
Population 2-89
Employment 2-89
Personal Income 2-89
General Information 2-89
Ranch Operations Utilizing Public Land 2-90
Public Attitudes and Values 2-95
General Information 2-95
Rural-Ranch Values and Attitudes 2-95
Urban Values and Attitudes 2-97
FUTURE ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT THE PROPOSAL 2-98
Vegetation 2-98
Soils 2-98
Wildlife 2-99
Deer 2-99
Birds 2-99
Desert Tortoise 2-99
Water Resources and Fishes 2-100
Water 2-100
Fish 2-100
Riparian Areas 2-100
Land Use Plans and Controls 2-100
Livestock 2-100
Recreation 2-101
Vlll
Visual Resources 2-101
Wilderness 2-101
Cultural Resources 2-101
Socioeconomic 2-102
CHAPTER 3 - THE PROBABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED ACTION
Page Number
INTRODUCTION 3-1
ASSUMPTIONS AND ANALYSIS GUIDELINES 3-2
SOILS 3-4
Erosion and Infiltration 3-4
Soil Fertility 3-17
Proposed Projects 3-17
Stream Bank Erosion 3-17
VEGETATION 3-21
Introduction 3-21
Specific Impacts 3-21
Three-Pasture System That Incorporates a 3-21
Rest Period
Two Pasture System Incorporating Rest 3-22
Grazing Systems That Rotate Delay of Grazing 3-23
Grazing Systems That Delay Grazing Each Year 3-23
Until After the Grazing Period
Season Long-Winter Use 3-23
Custodial Management 3-23
Elimination of Grazing 3-24
Short-Term Impacts on Vegetation 3-24
Long-Term Impacts on Vegetation 3-40
Construction Impacts of Proposed Developments 3-40
Impacts on Riparian Vegetation by the Proposed Action. . . 3-41
Impact on Proposed Threatened and Endangered Vegetation. . 3-42
Trailing 3-42
WILDLIFE 3-44
Introduction 3-44
Mule Deer 3-44
Quail 3-46
Other Wildlife 3-47
Desert Tortoise 3-48
Threatened and Endangered Species 3-49
Peregrine Falcon 3-49
IX
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES 3-60
Water 3-60
Fisheries Introduction 3-61
Grazing Effects on Riparian Vegetation 3-62
Nature of Impacts 3-62
Summary 3-63
CULTURAL RESOURCES 3-65
LAND USE 3-67
Plans, Controls and Constraints 3-67
Land Use 3-67
Recreation 3-67
Visual Resources 3-68
Wilderness 3-68
Agriculture (Nongrazing) 3-69
Livestock Grazing 3-72
Production Characteristics 3-72
SOCIOECONOMICS 3-75
Introduction 3-75
Regional Economics 3-75
Population 3-75
Employment 3-75
General Information 3-75
Ranch Operations Utilizing Public Land 3-75
Public Attitudes and Values 3-80
General 3-80
Ranch Attitudes and Values 3-80
Urban Attitudes and Values 3-81
CHAPTER 4 - MITIGATING MEASURES NOT INCLUDED IN THE PROPOSED ACTION
Page Number
INTRODUCTION 4-1
SOILS 4-2
VEGETATION 4-8
WILDLIFE 4-9
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES 4-10
CULTURAL RESOURCES 4-11
x
LAND USE 4-12
Recreation 4-12
Livestock Grazing 4-12
Wilderness 4-12
Springs, Pipelines, Fences, or Water Troughs 4-12
Well Maintenance 4-12
Tanks and Troughs 4-12
Reservoirs 4-12
SOCIOECONOMICS 4-13
CHAPTER 5 - ANY ADVERSE IMPACTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED SHOULD
THE PROPOSAL BE IMPLEMENTED
Page Number
INTRODUCTION 5-1
SOILS 5-2
VEGETATION 5-6
WILDLIFE 5-7
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES 5-8
Water Resources 5-8
Fisheries 5-8
LAND USE 5-9
Recreation 5-9
Visual Resources 5-9
Wilderness 5-9
Livestock 5-9
CULTURAL RESOURCES 5-11
SOCIOECONOMICS 5-12
CHAPTER 6 - RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S
ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM
PRODUCTIVITY
Page Number
INTRODUCTION 6-1
SOILS AND VEGETATION 6-2
XI
WILDLIFE 6-3
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES 6-4
Water Resources 6-4
Fisheries 6-4
CULTURAL RESOURCES 6-5
LAND USE 6-6
Recreation 6-7
Visual Resources 6-7
Wilderness 6-7
Livestock 6-7
SOCIOECONOMICS 6-9
CHAPTER 7 - IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENT OF RESOURCES
Page Number
INTRODUCTION 7-1
SOILS 7-2
VEGETATION 7-3
WILDLIFE 7-4
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES 7-5
CULTURAL RESOURCES 7-6
LAND USE 7-7
Recreation and Visual Resources 7-7
Wilderness 7-7
SOCIOECONOMICS 7-8
CHAPTER 8 - ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION
Page Number
INTRODUCTION 8-1
Xll
ALTERNATIVE 1 - ELIMINATION OF ALL LIVESTOCK GRAZING 8-3
Soils 8-3
Vegetation 8-4
Wildlife 8-4
Water Resources 8-5
Cultural Resources 8-5
Recreation 8-5
Visual Resources 8-6
Wilderness 8-6
Livestock 8-6
Socioeconomics 8-6
Ranch Economics 8-7
Public Attitudes and Values 8-7
ALTERNATIVE 2 - NO ACTION 8-8
Soils 8-8
Vegetation 8-8
Wildlife 8-14
Water Resources 8-15
Fisheries 8-15
Cultural Resources 8-15
Recreation 8-15
Visual Resources 8-15
Wilderness 8-15
Livestock 8-15
Socioeconomics 8-16
ALTERNATIVE 3 - RESTRICTED GRAZING DURING GROWING SEASON. . . . 8-17
Soils 8-17
Vegetation 8-18
Wildlife 8-24
Water Resources 8-24
Fisheries 8-25
Cultural Resources 8-25
Recreation 8-25
Visual Resources 8-25
Wilderness 8-25
Socioeconomics 8-25
ALTERNATIVE 4 - LIMITED LIVESTOCK GRAZING DURING FIRST .... 8-27
GRAZING CYCLE
Soils 8-27
Vegetation 8-27
Wildlife 8-29
Water Resources 8-32
Fisheries 8-32
Cultural Resources 8-32
Recreation 8-32
Xlll
Visual Resources 8-32
Wilderness 8-32
Livestock 8-32
Socioeconomics 8-33
ALTERNATIVE 5 - DELAYED IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED 8-38
ACTION
Description 8-38
Soils 8-39
Vegetation 8-39
Wildlife 8-40
Water Resources 8-41
Fisheries 8-41
Cultural Resources 8-41
Recreation 8-41
Visual Resources 8-41
Wilderness 8-42
Livestock 8-42
Socioeconomics 8-42
ALTERNATIVE 6 - INCREASED FORAGE PRODUCTION THROUGH 8-43
VEGETATIVE MANIPULATION
Soils 8-43
Vegetation 8-44
Smith Mesa 8-44
Coal Pits 8-44
Mesa 8-44
Alger Hollow 8-45
Wildlife 8-45
Water Resources and Fisheries 8-45
Cultural Resources 8-45
Recreation 8-45
Visual Resources 8-47
Wilderness 8-47
Livestock 8-47
Socioeconomics 8-47
ALTERNATIVE 7 - REDUCTION OF NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON SELECTED . . . 8-49
ALLOTMENTS
Soils 8-55
Vegetation 8-55
Wildlife 8-66
Water Resoruces and Fisheries 8-66
Cultural Resources 8-66
Recreation 8-66
Visual Resources 8-66
Wilderness 8-67
Socioeconomics 8-67
XIV
CHAPTER 9 - CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION
Page Number
INTRODUCTION 9-1
FEDERAL AGENCIES 9-5
STATE AGENCIES 9-5
LOCAL AGENCIES 9-5
INTEREST GROUPS 9-5
INDIVIDUALS 9-6
REFERENCE MATERIAL
Page Number
APPENDIX I - Livestock Stocking Rates on Public Lands .... 6 pages
APPENDIX II - Proposed Allotment Management Plan Objectives . 5 pages
APPENDIX III - Cultural Resources Memorandum 5 pages
of Understanding
APPENDIX IV - Land Use Planning 2 pages
APPENDIX V - Soil Associations 10 pages
APPENDIX VI - Evaluation Methods - Soil Erosion, 4 pages
Washington County
APPENDIX VII - Description of Vegetative Types 6 pages
APPENDIX VIII - Forage Condition 8 pages
APPENDIX IX - Ecological Range Site Condition 3 pages
APPENDIX X - Description of Survey Procedures 6 pages
APPENDIX XI - Habitat Condition and Season of Use for .... 5 pages
Key Wildlife Species
APPENDIX XII - Deer Pellet Group Transects 1 page
XV
APPENDIX XIII - Browse Transects 1976 1 page
APPENDIX XIV - Sources of Groundwater Recharge 1 page
APPENDIX XV - Estimates of Water Needs in Washington .... 1 page
County
APPENDIX XVI - Population Characteristics - Washington ... 1 page
County, Utah
APPENDIX XVII - Total Personal Income by Major Source - ... 1 page
Washington County, Utah
APPENDIX XVIII - Monthly Calf Prices - 10-Year Calf 2 pages
Price Trend
APPENDIX XIX - 1976 Allotment Economic Value 10 pages
APPENDIX XX - Impact Summary 3 pages
APPENDIX XXI - Impacts to Vegetation from Grazing 3 pages
APPENDIX XXII - Method of Determining AUMs of Possible ... 1 page
Livestock Forage Production
APPENDIX XXIII - Vegetation Affected by Proposed Range ... 4 pages
Developments
APPENDIX XXIV - Archaeological Sites in Areas of 2 pages
Proposed Developments
GLOSSARY 11 pages
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1 page
REFERENCES CITED 9 pages
XVI
CHAPTER 1
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION
CHAPTER 1
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION
INTRODUCTION
Background. In 1974, in response to a suit filed by several conserva-
tion groups, a Federal court declared that a programmatic grazing
Environmental Statement (ES) prepared by the Bureau of Land Management
(BLM) was not sufficient to comply with the provisions of the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969. The court directed BLM to
reach an agreement with the plaintiffs to prepare the necessary state-
ments needed to comply with NEPA. In a final judgment issued during
1975, the Federal court ordered BLM to prepare 212 separate site-
specific statements concerning the effect of livestock grazing activ-
ities on public lands. In these statements, BLM was directed to address
specific areas and identify particular grazing management programs,
analyze environmental impacts, and propose management alternatives.
The Hot Desert area in southwestern Utah was designated as the
first location in Utah to be covered by a grazing environmental state-
ment. This area covers more than half of Washington County and encom-
passes most of the BLM Virgin River Planning Unit. Figure 1-1 shows the
location and extent of the area covered by this environmental statement
in relation to the State of Utah.
Public lands contained within the boundary lines of this ES are
administered by BLM from a district office located in Cedar City, Utah.
An area field office is located, at St. George, Utah.
A small portion of public lands located in Arizona and contiguous
to public lands in Utah, is included in the statement area because
designated grazing allotments assigned to range users in the Hot Desert
area cover both sides of the Utah-Arizona State line. The grazing use
of these Arizona lands would be administered by the Cedar City District.
Historically, the area has been grazed since the 1850s when the
region was settled by pioneers. Early grazing was uncontrolled because
l-l
f
Hot Desert
Figure 1-1
HOT DESERT LOCATION MAP
1-2
INTRODUCTION
there were no restrictions on the number of livestock or areas where
grazing could take place. The first areas to be grazed were those near
the pioneer settlements and those near water sources. Most livestock
operators had little or no privately controlled pasture land and relied
on public land to supply all the forage needed to sustain their animals.
While most operators had selected areas they preferred to graze, some
operators regularly trailed their animals from one forage or water
source to another. Overuse of the vegetation became common. With time,
grazing of domestic stock became more organized; water sources were
developed and fences were erected in an effort to control forage utili-
zation and distribution of livestock.
Since the passage of the Taylor Grazing Act in 1934, public lands
have been administered by the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land
Management (and its early predecessor, the Grazing Service). This Act
provided for control and organization of grazing on public lands, as
well as a means of equitably allocating forage to qualified range users.
In Washington County, most range users conduct year-round livestock
operations. Such operations require that a user have other grazing land
to supplement his privately owned range land.
Purpose and Need. This statement focuses primarily on the proposed
grazing management activities in Washington County; however, since the
proposed grazing action is only one of several multiple use activities
being conducted on public lands in the area, all of the various land
uses are identified and discussed in this ES.
The purpose of the proposed action - the implementation of a graz-
ing management program - is to maintain or improve public land resources
such as soil, water, vegetation, and wildlife through the use of grazing
management. As required by law (Taylor Grazing Act, 1934, Classifica-
tion and Multiple Use Act, Public Law 88-6071, 1964, and the Federal
Land Policy and Management Act of 1976), BLM is responsible for manage-
ment that will provide a sustained yield of forage for wildlife and
livestock while curbing the loss of soil caused by erosion.
1-3
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
The statement provides for analysis of the proposed management
program, identifies impacts on the environment, and addresses possible
mitigating measures to reduce any adverse impacts. Another important
purpose of this statement is the development and analysis of alterna-
tives to the proposal. Public input, which is a part of the analysis
and data gathering process, is required to adequately inform BLM man-
agers of public objectives, goals, and desires concerning this proposed
action.
The following five assumptions were made by BLM concerning this
proposed action and the resulting analysis:
1. Use of public land for livestock production is in conformance
with multiple use principles and is in keeping with the congressional
declaration to manage the public lands to meet the Nation's need for
domestic sources of minerals, food, and fiber, and protect the quality
of the environment as well as provide habitat for wildlife and recrea-
tion opportunities.
2. Proposed grazing management systems would be implemented over
the 5-year period immediately following completion of the final environ-
mental statement.
3. That BLM would receive sufficient funding to carry out the
necessary improvements to implement the proposed action within the
specified time frame.
4. Necessary staffing would be made available to carry out the
related studies, monitoring, and evaluation required for the grazing
management systems.
5. That BLM would receive sufficient funding to maintain existing
improvements, maintain new improvements, and carry out valid recommenda-
tions made as a result of continuing studies and monitoring programs.
1-4
PROPOSED ACTION
PROPOSED ACTION
Fundamental Grazing Characteristics. Specific grazing management pro-
grams are proposed that incorporate fundamental livestock grazing char-
acteristics. A review of these fundamentals is needed to understand the
proposed action and the rationale for its development. Animal use
characteristics are discussed because they are change agents that affect
impacts of the proposal on vegetation.
Animal Use Characteristics. This discussion basically addresses
cattle since they consume approximately 97 percent of the forage util-
ized by livestock in the area. Although other kinds of livestock (sheep
and goats, etc.) behave differently, most of the following factors are
also important in their management.
Cattle graze the range selectively by species and area (Hormay,
1970), grazing the most palatable and nutritious plants, and regrazing
the same plants to enjoy the new leafy regrowth that develops. Selec-
tivity for forage is seasonal and depends on such factors as nutritional
quality, palatability, and availability of forage (Bell, 1973 and Stod-
dart et al. , 1975).
The actual plants preferred in any given range are a function of
these factors and the quality of surrounding forage. Even where abun-
dant forage is present, cattle graze a few plants more than others.
Certain plants are always grazed more heavily than other forage plants
in the community regardless of the number of cattle on the range (Bell,
1973).
Since most of the Hot Desert ES area is characterized by rough
topography, most of the current use is occurring in drainage bottoms,
especially if water is present. The wide variety of vegetation and
climatic conditions cause utilization and distribution to be irregular.
Water for livestock is limited and, as Bell (1973) indicates, areas near
water are usually heavily utilized.
The grazing systems contained in the proposal incorporate livestock
grazing habits in their design. The purpose of the systems is to
1-5
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
regulate livestock use of the plants in order to provide sustained
production of both the forage resource and livestock.
Specific Components of the Proposal. The proposed action includes the
following components:
1. Eliminate livestock grazing from areas where the resources or
uses are not capable of sustaining such activity.
2. Authorize grazing use at a low level of management (custodial
management, see Glossary G-3).
3. Authorize intensive livestock management under high-level
management through implementation of AMPs which include grazing systems,
construction of range improvements, and a program of studies and evalua-
tion.
4. Continue no grazing use on areas where grazing is presently
not authorized.
Inherent in all of these components would be the adjustment of
livestock grazing to the capability of the range to produce forage on a
sustained yield basis.
Table 1-1 shows the various components of the proposal and their
size in terms of acres and animal unit months (AUMs) of forage.
The present, proposed, and potential stocking rates by existing and
proposed allotments can be found in Appendix I.
Development of range facilities such as fences and water sources
would be necessary to assist in the establishment of the proposed manage-
ment components.
No developments are planned to implement the custodial management
and elimination of grazing components.
Retention of the currently unallotted lands would necessitate no
range developments and require no specific range management objectives.
Supervision of these small tracts would be limited to trespass control.
Since no grazing is proposed for these areas, they will not be discussed
further.
The proposed action would combine the 84 existing allotments into
59 allotments. Forty- two of the new allotments have intensive grazing
1-6
PROPOSED ACTION
TABLE 1-1
Components of the Proposal and Affected Public Land
Proposed Action
(Components)
Public Resource Land
Percent of
Normal
Management Operation
Acres Components AUMs
Elimination of grazing 13,505
(3 allotments)
Custodial management0 22,537
(22 allotments0)
Intensive livestock management 493,522
(42 allotments)
Total public land with 529,564
management plans
Unallotted status (landfills, 21,835
recreation sites, rights-of-way,
natural areas, isolated tracts)
Total public land within ES 551,399
boundary
93
100
0l
463
20,304
20,767
AUM = Animal Unit Month. The amount of forage required to sustain the
equivalent of one cow or five sheep for 1 month, the equivalent of 800
pounds of usable forage per acre.
Sixty three AUMs of livestock forage available. Not allocated in
normal operation.
"See Glossary.
Includes eight allotments having both intensive and custodial manage-
ment components and 14 custodial management allotments.
management systems (AMPs) proposed, 14 allotments are proposed for
custodial management, and 3 allotments would eliminate livestock grazing
(fig. 1-2 in pocket inside back cover). The proposed action would
modify the existing management and level of grazing use in the area.
Basically, the proposal would involve the following:
1-7
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
Combination of Smaller Allotments. Resource values, physical
barriers, potential for improvements, economics, and existing
use were considered in order to reach the best possible com-
bination for intensive management.
Adjustment in Current Levels of Grazing. Quality and amount
of vegetation, resource conditions, and season of use were
considered.
Changes in Season of Use. Needs of vegetative resources and
operator objectives were considered.
Implementation of Grazing Management Systems. AMP objectives
such as resource conditions, opportunities for improvement,
operator objectives, and management goals were considered.
The proposed action would require increased management and super-
vision of public land as well as increased cooperation between BLM and
the range users. Administration and management of the proposal would be
accomplished through standard BLM licensing and operating procedures.
The following schematic (fig. 1-3 ) shows how the proposed action
evolved; it also shows the position of this environmental statement in
relation to the management process on public land.
The objectives of the Bureau's Planning System Management Framework
Plan (MFP) and Allotment Management Plan (AMP) for long-term sustained
productivity of livestock forage and improvement of watershed and wild-
life resources are estimated to be reached 24 years after implementa-
tion. This time span of 24 years would allow for several repetitions of
the grazing cycle (alternate periods of grazing and resting) on all
allotments, which would result in visible improvement of resource condi-
tions.
Once initiated, management of the proposals would be dynamic. If
changes would be needed, as indicated by evaluation and monitoring
studies, the proposal would be modified and a supplementary environ-
mental assessment would be prepared for each modification.
It is the intention of BLM that this grazing proposal be the pri-
mary range management effort in the Washington County area to provide a
sustained long-term productive use of public land.
1-8
'PUBLIC INPUT
'BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT POLICIES
• ENVIRONMENTAL,
POLITICAL, AND
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
FACTORS
• NATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICY ACT AND
OTHER LAWS
• PUBLIC REVIEW
AND COMMENT
• RESOURCE
SPECIALIST DATA
AND ANALYSIS
AUTHORIZATION AND PROGRAMMING
• RESOURCE
SPECIALIST
ADVICE
BLM AND
RANCHER
COOPERATION
IMPLEMENTATION OF AMP
GRAZING ACTIVITY PLAN
ALLOTMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN (AMP)
• BASIC INVENTORY
• PUBLIC NEEDS AND
COMMENTS
• RESOURCE CAPABILIT
AND CONSTRAINTS
BLM PLANNING SYSTEM
UNIT RESOURCE ANALYSIS (URA)
MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK PLAN (MFP)
•BLM WORK
CREWS
•CONSTRUCTION
CONTRACTS
• MITIGATING
MEASURES
• RANCHER ASSISTANCE
• BLM MONITORING STUDIES
AND SYSTEMS
• RESOURCE SPECIALIST
OBSERVATIONS
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
(UP TO 5 YEARS)
EVALUATION
FOR ATTAINMENT OF OBJECTIVES
(UP TO 24 YEARS)
Figure 1-3
EVOLUTION OF PROPOSED ACTION
1-9
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
Proposed Action
Elimination of Grazing. This management proposal affecting three
allotments (fig. 1-2 in pocket inside back cover) would completely
eliminate grazing on two allotments and continue termination of grazing
use on one allotment where use has been cancelled since 1967. A total
of 13,505 acres of public land and 63 AUMs of forage would be involved.
The following factors were used to determine that elimination of
grazing would be the best form of management for these three allotments:
1. Steep, rough terrain with slopes generally in excess of 40
percent;
2. Low forage production (livestock carrying capacity is less
than 50 acres per AUM);
3. High resource values such as wildlife habitat that could not
be adequately protected if grazing was to occur;
4. Critical watershed conditions with no potential to improve
under livestock management to a tolerable level (soil surface factor
greater than 60);
5. Any combination of the above.
The proposal to eliminate livestock grazing on the two allotments,
LaVerkin Creek and Pintura Seeding, has been analyzed in the BLM plan-
ning process and no significant resource conflicts emerged. Continued
elimination of grazing from Pace Knoll also showed no significant
resource conflicts.
This management proposal would be implemented with the rest of the
components; it would require issuance of a cancellation notice. Termina-
tion would occur as soon as possible within the 1- to 5-year implementa-
tion period.
Custodial Management of Livestock Grazing. Custodial management is
proposed for all or part of 22 allotments. Figure 1-2 indicates the
specific allotments for which custodial management is proposed. Of the
22 allotments, 8 are included within the AMPs, containing 221 AUMs on
12,340 acres and 14 are solely custodial involving 242 AUMs and 10,197
acres. In most instances, the proposed custodial management allotments
1-10
PROPOSED ACTION
consist of scattered tracts of public land interspersed with large
tracts of private land. In addition, certain proposed AMPs include
small pastures that would be under custodial management. The following
criteria was used to identify those allotments and pastures that would
be suitable for custodial management:
1. Less than 100 AUMs of forage available on the allotment;
2. Little identified conflict with resource uses other than
grazing;
3. High percentage of interspersed private and State lands;
4. Range condition satisfactory;
5. Range management practices satisfactory;
6. Any combination of the above criteria.
This management component does not propose an AMP. It regulates
livestock use on a range area where public land is interspersed with
private land, assuring the trust guardianship and preservation of public
lands is upheld. Objectives of this type of management might be
attained without constructing range developments. The responsibility of
BLM to manage these lands according to Section 302 of the Federal Land
Policy and Management Act of 1976 would not be diminished.
Implementation of this component would begin the same year as the
intensive management component. Most allotments under custodial manage-
ment would utilize a season- long grazing system. The majority of the
allotments would involve winter and/or spring use. Four of the custo-
dial allotments would involve summer use. A change in the existing
management practices would be required to implement custodial manage-
ment; adjustments in seasons of use and grazing intensity are proposed.
Intensive Management of Grazing
Introduction. This component is proposed for those allotments
determined to be suitable for intensive livestock management (fig. 1-2).
Intensive management differs from the custodial management and elimina-
tion of grazing components in terms of intensity and management objec-
tives. Proposed allotment management plan objectives are shown in
Appendix II.
1-11
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
The objectives of the grazing systems are to promote an optimum
level of livestock use while, at the same time, meeting other resource
needs that can be accomplished through livestock management. The pur-
pose of this component is to provide for sustained, long-term utiliza-
tion of the vegetative resource and it would require completion of range
developments such as fences, water sources, and seedings that would
promote uniform distribution of livestock and proper utilization of the
vegetative resource (Glossary p. G-8).
Major points considered in selecting these grazing systems include:
1. Wildlife. Species present, seasons of use, forage and habitat
needs, and critical areas;
2. Watershed. Conditions and soil characteristics;
3. Livestock. Seasons of use, numbers, class of livestock, food
preferences, habits, and husbandry needs;
4. Vegetation. Conditions, production, and physiological require-
ments;
5. Climate. Temperature and precipitation, amount, and occur-
rence ;
6. Topography. Steepness of slope and elevation;
7. Range Developments. Costs of fencing and water developments;
existing improvements;
8. Land. Ownership patterns;
9. Recreation. Off-road vehicle use and visual resource manage-
ment needs .
The goals and resource constraints identified in the Bureau's land
use planning process have been incorporated in the proposed grazing
systems which are designed to provide a sustained yield of forage while
at the same time encouraging the protection of the soil and improvement
of vegetative resource.
Intensive livestock management would be implemented by BLM through
its AMP program. The AMP prepared for each allotment is a livestock
grazing plan that prescribes the conditions and manner of grazing use.
Each AMP determines the level of grazing, season of use, and specific
1-12
PROPOSED ACTION
grazing system designed to reach desired goals and objectives. When
implemented, the provisions of the AMP become a stipulation of the graz-
ing license. The AMP files are available for public inspection at the
Cedar City District Office.
The following steps were used in the preparation of AMPs:
1. Review BLM planning data, collect and analyze additional
resource data (e.g,. soils, water, vegetation, wildlife), and contact
range users.
2. Identify resource problems (e.g., winter grazing by livestock
on crucial winter range for deer).
3. Establish objectives that would enhance the resource and/or
resolve resource problems.
4. Develop a grazing system that would accomplish the objectives.
5. Establish location for range developments required for imple-
menting the grazing system.
6. Develop evaluation procedures and conduct studies to determine
effects of each grazing system in relation to established objectives.
Each AMP would be evaluated at the conclusion of each grazing cycle
using various study procedures to monitor changes in plant composition
and ground cover. Four studies are basic to the evaluation: actual
grazing use, vegetative utilization, condition and trend (soils and
vegetation), and climate.
Intensive livestock management systems have been proposed for 42
allotments involving 493,522 acres and 20,304 AUMs of forage. Allotment
management plans have been prepared for each of the 42 allotments. Four
basic grazing systems are proposed: (1) systems that incorporate at
least a 1-year rest period as a primary treatment; (2) grazing systems
that delay grazing on a portion of the allotment each year during the
growing period and rotate this delay among the pastures; (3) systems
that delay grazing each year until after the growing period on a parti-
cular pasture, and (4) systems involving season-long use primarily
during the winter period. These four basic systems are outlined below.
1-13
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
Grazing Systems that Incorporate a Rest Period. Systems that
incorporate a rest into the grazing schedule are proposed on 401,271
acres and would involve 17,632 AUMs.
This system would entail pastures nearly equally divided in terms
of forage production. Each pasture would be systematically grazed and
rested over an entire grazing cycle. Grazing treatments would be
rotated so that at the end of a cycle each pasture would have received
equal treatment, i.e., all pastures would be grazed and rested the same
amount of time.
Grazing systems that utilize rest are designed to allow completion
of plant growth and fulfillment of reproductive requirements while
allowing optimum use of livestock forage. Most of these systems involve
grazing during the winter and spring seasons. Three variations of rest
systems are proposed for use with three pastures, two pastures or one
pasture. Regardless of the number of pastures involved, all systems
have scheduled grazing and resting sequences in common.
Three-pasture rest systems are proposed on 21 allotments which
would involve 367,895 acres and 16,403 AUMs.
Table 1-2 illustrates how an allotment would receive grazing treat-
ments under a three-pasture rest system. A description of these treat-
ments follows:
First Treatment. The first treatment (A) would involve graz-
ing during the winter period. Grazing in this pasture would be termin-
ated before spring growth begins, usually March 1. The forage harvested
by livestock would be dry, mature, and of generally lower quality than
forage harvested in the spring. While grazing, livestock would be
trampling seeds into the ground from those vegetative species that
disseminate their seeds in the late fall.
Second Treatment. The second treatment (B) would consist of
grazing a pasture for weight gain and would normally occur during the
spring growth period. Forage harvested during this period (primarily
grasses) would be highly palatable and nutritious, and would be of
higher quality than that consumed during the winter. After being grazed
1-14
PROPOSED ACTION
TABLE 1-2
Three Pasture Rotation-Rest Grazing System
Typical use: Winter to spring (October 16 through May 15)
Treat- Oct Nov Die Jam Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep" Oct
ment 16 ' 15
Rest to establish seedlings and for plant
vigor and litter
Rest to establish
seedlings and for
plant vigor and
litter
Rest for plant vigor
and litter
Rest for plant vigor, litter, forage and seed production.
NOTE: A one-pasture rotation-rest grazing system would work the same
way, but treatments would include lands other than public land.
during this period, plants would not be grazed for the remainder of the
year.
Third Treatment. The third treatment (C) would follow the
spring grazing treatment (B) and would consist of a rest period for at
least one full year. This rest would allow plants grazed during treat-
ment (B) to complete one entire growth and reproductive cycle before
being grazed again the next winter. The purpose of this rest would be
to allow desirable plants the opportunity to gain vigor, produce litter,
and reproduce.
One of the major values of this system over continuous grazing is
better distribution of livestock on the range. Since palatability in
plants varies with season, rotation of grazing would allow plants to be
used at different periods, resulting in more equal utilization (Stoddart
et al. , 1975).
1-15
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
Two- Pasture Systems. Two-pasture systems involve grazing during
the winter and utilize two treatments: graze, then rest. Essentially
this is a "flip-flop" system where one pasture is alternately grazed 1
year and rested the following year. Table 1-3 illustrates application
of this rest system which would involve 22,414 acres and 801 AUMs. This
system is proposed for small allotments where other grazing systems
would not be feasible because of season of use and resource limitations.
TABLE 1-3
Two Pasture Rotation-Rest Grazing System
Typical use: December 1 through February 28
Treat- Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
ment
k\ \f\ \\ \J
GrazeYfor liveN
\stvock product
tion\scatter
vandVrample\
seed\
Rest for plant vigor and to establish
seedlings
Rest for plant vigor, litter and seed production
One-Pasture Rest Systems. Proposed one-pasture rest systems involv-
ing 10,962 acres and 428 AUMs would be similar to the three-pasture
systems proposed except that one entire allotment would be treated as
one pasture and would require 3 years to complete the grazing cycle.
This proposed system calls for grazing during the winter, then removal
of livestock until spring of the following year, and finally no live-
stock use on the allotment during the third year. The one-pasture
system would require that the operator be able to utilize land other
than his allotment. Under this three-treatment one-pasture system the
results would be the same as the basic three-pasture three-treatment
1-16
PROPOSED ACTION
systems, i.e., at the end of 3 years the allotment would have been
grazed once in winter, once in the spring, and rested once. This varia-
tion is proposed for use on small allotments where there is limited
forage value and the cost of fencing into three small pastures would be
prohibitive. This system would be applied in the same manner as shown
for the three-pasture rest system (table 1-2).
Grazing Systems That Rotate the Delay of Grazing. Grazing
systems are proposed that would delay grazing each year during the grow-
ing period on a portion of the allotment and would rotate this delay
among pastures during the cycle. Rotation allows other areas of the
range to benefit from deferment (Stoddart et al., 1975). If length of
deferment is sufficient and deferment occurs during the growing season,
some benefit would result to range plants. Even though there may be
insufficient moisture for full vegetative growth during such a deferment
period, there still would be a relief of pressure from further deterio-
ration of plants, including their root systems (Bell, 1973).
Two system variations of del ay- rotation grazing are proposed involv-
ing winter- spring use and summer use.
First Variation- Winter-Spring Use. The first variation
of the delay and rotation system involving winter-spring use would
require two or more pastures, with at least one of the pastures being
rested during the spring growing period.
The winter-spring use period variation is proposed on two allot-
ments (Gunlock and Curly Hollow, fig. 1-2), and would involve 27,896
acres and 1,227 AUMs. Terrain and vegetative resources of these two
allotments result in an imbalance between pastures and it would not be
feasible to develop rotation-rest systems that require nearly equal
amounts of forage in all pastures.
The grazing deferral and rest sequences would be rotated among the
pastures in a manner similar to that used in the rest systems previously
described. Table 1-4 shows how a typical delay-rotation system of the
winter-spring variation would work.
1-1
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
TABLE 1-4
Rotation - Delay Grazing System
(First Variation Winter-Spring Use)
Typical use: November 15 through May 15
Treat- Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
ment 15
Rest to establish seedlings
Rest for plant
vigor
Rest for plant vigor
and litter
Rest for plant vigor and
seed production
Second Variation - Summer Use. The second variation of
the proposed del ay- rotation grazing system would involve summer use.
Grazing in one pasture would not occur during spring growth and would be
delayed until after seed ripe time of the key forage species. Delaying
grazing would allow desirable forage plants the full benefit of the
entire growing season for maximum development (Bell, 1973).
The summer use variation is proposed for higher-elevation allot-
ments (Cougar Canyon and Big Mountain, fig. 1-2) where rough, steep
terrain and limited vegetative resources preclude development of rest
systems of grazing. There would be 18,276 acres and 445 AUMs involved.
Table 1-5 illustrates second variation - summer use.
Grazing Systems That Delay Grazing Each Year Until After
Growing Period. These grazing systems would postpone grazing each year
until after desirable plants have matured. This system would be similar
to the del ay- rotation systems described earlier except that the grazing
delay occurs on the same area each year and would not be rotated because
only one pasture would be involved.
1-1!
PROPOSED ACTION
TABLE 1-5
Rotation - Delay Grazing System
(Second Variation Summer Use)
Summer season: May 1 through October 1
Treat- May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
ment
Rest to regain plant vigor;
plant regrowth
Rest for
plant
vigor,
litter
and seed
produc-
Rest to encourage seedling
establishment and rest for
plant vigor and litter
The longer grazing can be delayed, opportunities are improved for
new plants to become established and for old plants to gain or maintain
vigor. Grazing after seed ripe maturity causes less damage to plants
and provides opportunity for animals to scatter and trample seeds into
the soil (Stoddart et al., 1975).
The purpose of delayed grazing systems is to postpone grazing in
one pasture until after seed ripe time of the key forage species, allow-
ing the plants an opportunity to complete growth and reproductive pro-
cesses.
This grazing system is proposed for high elevation areas in two
allotments where rough terrain would result in excessively high costs to
develop such areas for inclusion into the rest systems proposed for the
remainder of the allotment. In addition, the high elevation would pre-
clude use during the winter because of heavy snow. Grazing would be
1-19
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
delayed each year until after the seed ripe period of the desirable
forage species and would continue for the rest of the summer. Then for
the remainder of the year this pasture would not be grazed. Table 1-6
illustrates how a deferred system with summer use would be applied on
two allotments, Desert Inn and Twin Peaks, involving 25,533 acres and
383 AUMs.
TABLE 1-6
Delayed Grazing System
Summer season: June 1 through August 31
Treat-
ment
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
R
raze to scatter
and trample seed
and for livestock
production
Rest for plant vigor
and production of
litter
L\
Rest for
plant vigor
and produc-
tion of
litter
Season- long Grazing Systems. Smaller allotments that would be
grazed during the winter have season-long grazing systems proposed.
Seven such allotments are proposed with 20,546 acres and 617 AUMs in-
volved.
All allotments would use a one-pasture/one-treatment system for
winter grazing each year. The allotments would be rested at times other
than during the winter. Table 1-7 illustrates how these allotments
would be managed.
1-20
TABLE 1-7
Season- Long Grazing System
Winter only: January 1 through February 28
Treat- Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
ment
K\\\\\l
Rest for plant vigor and seed production
1-21
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
RANGE DEVELOPMENTS
Development of Range Facilities. Construction of 11 different types of
range facilities would be required for the implementation of the pro-
posal:
Springs Reservoirs
Pipelines Fences
Wells Cattleguards
Rainfall catchments Trails
Water storage tanks Seedings (chainings)
Water troughs
No developments are planned for those areas proposed for custodial
management or elimination of grazing. Only those developments consid-
ered absolutely necessary are proposed for the initial implementation of
the intensive management components. Table 1-8 shows the range of
benefit/cost ratios calculated for those allotments having range devel-
opments. Developments are designed to provide water for livestock,
control movement of livestock, provide additional forage where needed,
encourage distribution and enhance proper utilization of available
forage. Water developments such as springs, pipelines, wells, and
catchments are proposed to provide a source of water to improve dis-
tribution on areas where water is presently limited. Various tanks,
troughs, and reservoirs would provide storage of water for use by live-
stock and wildlife. Fences, cattleguards and a trail are proposed to
control movement of livestock. Seedings are proposed so that pastures
that are low in forage would be balanced with those having an adequate
supply.
A schematic diagram (fig. 1-4) illustrates a typical allotment that
has range developments constructed and is under a grazing management
system. The diagram shows the relationship between the location and use
of range developments. Water facilities are dispersed over the entire
unit so that each pasture has an adequate supply. Allotment boundaries
and pasture divisions utilize existing natural barriers where possible
to reduce fence construction and maintenance.
1-22
RANGE DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 1-8
Range of Benefit/Cost Ratios
Range of Benefit Cost Ratios Number of Allotments3
4
20
7
0.98/1
to
1.3/1
1.3/1
to
3/1
3/1
to
10/1
a
Because many of the allotments have no proposed improvements, a benefit/
cost ratio was not calculated for them, therefore, this column will not
total the actual number of allotments.
Design Restrictions. The BLM Cedar City District would require adher-
ence to the following seven restrictions if range developments are
constructed in the Washington County area. These design restrictions
would be required in order to enhance resource values and reduce adverse
impacts caused by construction of range developments.
1. No permanent trails or roads would be constructed to project
sites. Existing access would be used.
2. Disturbed areas would be reseeded as soon as possible with a
mixture of native and/or introduced species in order to replace ground
cover on the sites and minimize losses of soil from wind and water
erosion.
3. No clearing of the project sites would be allowed except on
sites requiring excavation.
4. Archaeological clearance would be required for all project
sites prior to new construction. In addition to assuring that archaeo-
logical values would not be impaired, this clearance would conform with
the requirements of the Historical Preservation Act and Executive Order
11593.
1-23
ALLOTMENT
BOUNDARY
DIAGRAM OF GRAZING
ALLOTMENT
(Showing various range
developments)
Figure 1-4
TYPICAL GRAZING ALLOTMENT
(showing various range developments)
1-24
RANGE DEVELOPMENTS
5. Threatened and endangered species clearance would be required
for all project sites prior to new construction.
6. Disturbance at all project sites would be held to an absolute
minimum.
7. Where possible, water would be maintained throughout the year
at established watering facilities for wildlife.
8. Implementation of any proposed developments that could pre-
clude wilderness designation would be delayed until the wilderness
inventory is carried out in the Hot Desert area.
All public land would be looked at during the initial wilderness
inventory process. Formal wilderness study will proceed on those lands
determined to have wilderness value.
Additional design restrictions specifically applicable to proposed
individual range developments are identified in the following discus-
sions:
Specific Range Developments Proposed
Springs. Eighteen spring developments would be required. The
normal construction procedure for a point discharge spring would involve
backhoe excavation (fig. 1-5). A vertical perforated pipe would be
inserted which would function as a collection box. Water would be piped
through a small -diameter plastic pipe from the box to the trough. For
those sites where water seeps from an area larger than a point source,
the gathering devices would be perforated pipes horizontally trenched in
the seep. Water would flow through the pipe from the gathering device
to a vertical headbox from which it would be piped into the trough.
Each spring development would disturb less than .25 acre.
The following design features would be applied to spring develop-
ments:
1. Actual development work on and around the spring would be done
with hand tools insofar as possible.
2. If machinery was needed, a backhoe mounted on a rubber-tired
tractor would be used. Use of a bulldozer, front-end loader, or scraper
would not generally be required.
1-25
-fc>4
■P4
OVERFLOW UTILITY AREA
AREA
COLLECTION AREA
COLLECTION PIPES
SECURED METAL
OR WOOD COVER ^\
OVERFLOW —
TO TROUGH
3 MIN.DIAM.
CORRUGATED
CULVERT
» • »
COLLECTION
PIPE 6./OR
£ • FILL* ^-PERFORATED
»» <*te J CULVERT
™.^.^S>< "N WATER
ii'/..V V."- BEARING
' .STRATA
r
SOLID FOUND
(ATION
Figure 1-5
TYPICAL SPRING DEVELOPMENT
1-26
RANGE DEVELOPMENTS
3. After construction, the work area would be cleared of trash
and damaged or excess material, which would be taken to a refuse dis-
posal site.
4. Cuts, fills, and excavations would be dressed and blended with
the surrounding area.
5. Disturbed areas with mineral soil showing would be seeded
and/or planted with native grass and/or browse to blend with the undis-
turbed area.
6. Wet areas around springs would be retained whenever possible
to permit some water flow at the site. This would be accomplished by
installing a headbox overflow which would drain into a sump constructed
near the spring source. Water sources would be protected by a fence.
Pipelines. An estimated 44.3 miles of pipeline would be needed to
carry water from the source (well, stream, spring, or water catchment)
to those areas where livestock drinking water is not presently avail-
able.
Installation would entail burial of a small diameter plastic pipe
with a "ripper tooth" device mounted on a tractor. Ripping a trench for
the pipeline, actual placement, and covering with earth would be done in
one operation. Where surface rocks prohibit burial, the pipe would be
laid on top of the ground. An estimated 1.2 acres per mile would be
disturbed during construction.
Wells. Two wells would be constructed. Each well would be cased
to prevent cave-ins. Windmills, submersible pumps, or pump jacks
(piston types) would be used to bring water to the surface. Well sites
would be fenced; however, the enclosures would not exceed 0.5 acres
each.
Power sources would include electricity, diesel fuel, gasoline,
wind and/or compressed gas. Electricity would be used only when a well
site would be located at an existing powerline.
Figure 1-6 contains illustrations of typical pipeline and well
developments.
1-27
FILL
9 to 30
COVER
24"
24
FILL
■-] U— 4"MIN.
PIPELINE RIGHT-OF-WAY AFTER PIPE HAS BEEN LAID
DISCHARGE PIPEN ^CONCRETE PLATFORM
*OUND LINE^ _ } / FOR WINDMILL OR PUMP
\ .-O / FOR WINDMILL OR PU
If
1
•CASING
CHECK VALVE
Li
■-4
.*uS
SUBMERSIBLE
ELECTRIC PUMP
(ALTERNATE)
TYPICAL WELL CONSTRUCTION
Figure 1-6
TYPICAL PIPELINE AND WELL DEVELOPMENT
1-28
RANGE DEVELOPMENTS
Rainfall Catchments. There are seven catchments proposed. Catch-
ments would consist of a collection area made from an impervious mate-
rial designed to collect rainfall. The collected rainfall would be
piped into a storage facility and then piped into a drinking facility
for the animals. The size of the collection area and the storage facil-
ity would be determined by average annual rainfall and water require-
ments.
A fence would be constructed around the water collection area and
the storage tank in order to exclude livestock and big game. Water
would be piped out of the fenced area to the drinking facility. The
trench for the pipeline would normally be dug by backhoe and then back-
filled after the pipe was laid.
All vegetation scraped from the water collecting area and the
storage area would be scattered around the construction site to lessen
the visual intrusion and protect the soil surface from erosion. The
fenced area would generally enclose 1 acre or less and total disturbance
would be approximately 1 acre per catchment.
Water Storage Tanks. There are 20 storage tanks proposed. Storage
facilities with an attached pipeline would be placed at predetermined
areas. The size of these metal facilities would be determined by the
number of animals requiring water from the source. Generally, the tanks
would be above ground and water would drain from the bottom. The out-
side of the tanks would be painted to blend with the surrounding land-
scape so that visual impact would be lessened. Less than 0.2 acre would
be disturbed by each tank.
Water Troughs. Approximately 70 drinking facilities (troughs) are
proposed. The troughs would be round tanks or rectangular metal boxes
of varying lengths. The size of each trough would be determined by the
number of animals expected to drink from it at any one time. In general,
wooden posts partially buried in the ground in a wooden frame around the
trough would be used to steady the trough. Generally, about 100 square
feet (0.002 acre) would be disturbed with each trough.
1-29
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
The following design provisions would be met on troughs constructed
in the resource area:
1. Ramps would be provided in each water trough to allow small
animals and birds to drink.
2. When possible, the lip of the water trough would not be higher
than 2 feet above the ground, to allow young livestock and deer fawns to
water.
3. Overflow discharge would be a piped from the water facility.
Figure 1-7 illustrates typical rainfall catchments, water storage
tanks, and troughs. Figure 1-8 shows water tank with bird walk.
Reservoirs. Development of eight earthen reservoirs is proposed,
each involving construction of a pit or dam to impound water throughout
the year for livestock use. Fill material, if needed, would come from
the impoundment area or a borrow area. A bentonite/clay mixture would
be used when necessary to seal the reservoir to prevent seepage. An
average of 3 acres would be disturbed by each reservoir. Topsoil re-
moved during construction would be used to rehabilitate the banks and
disturbed areas adjacent to the reservoir. A typical cross section of a
reservoir dam is shown on figure 1-9.
Fences. An estimated 75.2 miles of fences would be required to
keep livestock within desired areas. Construction would require survey
of the line, placement of posts, stretching wire and placement of stays.
Each of these operations would normally require off-road vehicular
traffic along the fence. Figure 1-8 shows fenceline in place.
Gray steel posts may be used in constructing fences so that the
posts would blend into the landscape. However, in event of a need to
increase fencepost visibility, then red or green steel posts or wooden
posts would be used. Where fences cross existing roads, either gates or
cattleguards would be installed.
The following requirements would be met for fence construction:
1. All new fences would have at least one gate every mile and
gates at right-angle corners when conditions require.
1-30
OIVERSION OIKE OR OITCH— ^
RUBBER STORAGE BAG
3' EARTH BANK
OVERFLOW
s =■ s- _ TO WATERING
~ ■**■ TROUGH
RAINFALL CATCHMENT
STORAGE TANK
GRAVEL OR CONCRETE BASE
6"lo 12" DEPTH
SCREEN RAMP FOR BIRDS t
SMALL ANIMALS t TO
PROTECT INLET VALVE
DRINKING TROUGH
Figure 1-7
TYPICAL WATER- HOLDING DEVELOPMENTS
1-31
r
Water Tank With Bird Walk
Wk
»*
%
„:
xj
0 ^
1 ^. I "A :._•# tl,
Fence Line Showing Spacing And
Appearance After Construction
Figure 1-8
RANGE DEVELOPMENTS
1-32
IMPERVIOUS CORE
(BENTONITE)
Earthern Reservoir
^^, r"
( 1 Rod)
Barbed Wire^^
" ' iii
■il
%
J
O <"> i
N f 1 ...
u
\
Antelope Type Fence
Figure 1-9
TYPICAL RESERVOIR AND FENCE
1-33
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
2. All wire gates would have an opening device.
3. Right-of-way clearing would be limited to hand limbing and the
removing of those trees in direct alignment with the fence. The fence
would be attached to living trees by placing a board between the tree
and the wire. About 1.2 acres per mile of fence would be disturbed
during construction.
4. In high-big-game-use areas, division fences (pasture and
boundary) would be constructed with barbed wire for the top two strands
and smooth wire for the bottom strand to allow for the movement of big
game.
5. The spacing shown on figure 1-9 would be used for the fence
wires.
Cattleguards. Nineteen cattleguards are proposed to control live-
stock movement at major travel routes and provide easy crossing to
vehicular traffic. Approximately 0.01 acre would be disturbed during the
construction of each cattleguard. A precast concrete or treated timber
base would be set into the excavation, and earth would be backfilled and
compacted around the base to prevent any movement. An immovable metal
grid with openings large enough to keep animals from walking across but
close enough to allow vehicles to drive over would be set onto the base.
A gate would be placed to one side of the cattleguard so livestock could
be moved through the fence. In addition, extremely heavy or wide loads
could be taken through the gate rather than over the cattleguards.
Figure 1-9 illustrates typical reservoirs and fences. Figure 1-10
shows a photograph of a cattleguard.
Trails. A trail 0.1-mile long would be constructed in order to
develop a sufficient grade on one allotment (Gooseberry) to make it
possible for livestock to utilize water that is presently inaccessible.
The trail, would be developed using hand and power tools along with
explosives. Clearing of tree limbs and downed timber would be accom-
plished by use of hand and power saws.
Hand shovels, grubbing hoes, limited explosives, and axes would be
used to develop the trail area. Where drainage would be necessary,
1-34
Cattle Guard
•f /.&%&**"»**!&&
**
Chaining And Seeding With Brush Piles Left In Place
Figure 1-10
RANGE DEVELOPMENTS
1-35
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
check dips or water bars would be used to prevent accelerated erosion
from developing on and around the trail.
Seeding (chaining). It is proposed to chain and seed 5,080 acres.
Chaining would be accomplished by dragging an anchor chain attached to
two tractors in a "U" or "J" configuration.
The general practice would be to chain in one direction, seed by
aerial application, and then drag the chain at right angles to the first
chaining to cover the seed and uproot any trees and shrubs missed by the
first pass.
An onsite archaeological inventory and examination of physical
factors such as slope, exposure, soil depth, and susceptibility of the
site to erosion would be made to determine the actual chained area. The
mixture of seeded species would include both browse and grass species to
enhance the forage quality for livestock and wildlife. The exact seed
mixture would be determined by range, watershed, and wildlife special-
ists prior to application, but would generally be suited to the pinyon-
juniper and sagebrush vegetative types involved. Typical mixtures might
include pubescent wheatgrass, crested wheatgrass, yellow sweet clover,
Ladak alfalfa, and fourwing saltbush. After seeding, the area would be
rested from livestock grazing at least 2 years or until the perennial
forage is established. Figure 1-10 illustrates an area after a chaining
and seeding action.
Summary of the range developments proposed is shown in table 1-9.
Maintenance. Various procedures would be followed to maintain the
existing and proposed range improvements. Each year water developments
would be periodically inspected to ensure that they remain in usable
condition, and preventive maintenance would be performed as needed.
Implementation Schedule. The proposed AMPs would be implemented over a
5-year period. Although no schedule for construction can be determined
at this time, a priority listing of allotment implementation is outlined
in the MFP. A summary of the proposed action can be found in table
1-10.
1-36
TABLE 1-9
Summary of Proposed Developments
Improvement Total Cost
Springs
18
each
$ 29,970.00
Water pipelines
and
troughs
; 44.3
miles
135,292.00
Wells
2
each
5,730.00
Rainfall catchments
7
each
73,500.00
Water tanks
20
each
5,150.00
Reservoirs
8
each
24,000.00
Fences
75.2
miles
180,480.00
Cattleguards
19
each
22,800.00
Trails
0.1
mile
500.00
Seedings (chaini
ngs)
5,
080
acres
76,200.00
TOTAL
$553,622.00
1-37
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1-4A
GRAZING ADMINISTRATION
GRAZING ADMINISTRATION AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURES
Administration. Each operator would be issued term permits through the
BLM Dixie Resource Area Office.
Livestock grazing use would be supervised throughout the year.
Changes in use requested by the livestock operator, which are outside
the limits of the normal operation specified in the AMPs and are consis-
tent with management objectives, must be requested in writing and
approved in advance of the grazing period. Grazing use outside the
limits of the normal operation and without prior authorization would be
considered trespass. If trespass should occur, action would be taken by
BLM to assure that it is eliminated and that payment is made for forage
consumed.
Upon evidence of trespass, the alleged violator would be served
notice to remove the livestock and make payment based on the value of
forage consumed; if trespass is committed by an existing permittee,
revocation of license could follow in the event of failure to abide by
notice to remove the livestock and pay damages (Code of Federal Regula-
tions part 43, subpart 9239.3).
Typically, livestock would be trailed to allotments; however, in
some areas, trucking would be necessary. Animal movement between pas-
tures would be accomplished by trailing and by herding. At the conclu-
sion of grazing, livestock would normally be trailed to National Forest
lands, other ranges, or back to the ranch property. Allotments contain-
ing proposed seedings would not be grazed at a capacity that included
the seedings until they are established and capable of supporting live-
stock grazing. A minimum of 2 years would be needed for seeding estab-
lishment.
Implementation. It is the goal to attain specific management objectives
in a maximum period of 24 years after proposal implementation. It is
anticipated that the proposal would be implemented in stages over a
5-year period as funds and manpower become available rather than all at
once.
1-45
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
Related Actions. The following actions would be required in order to
implement the proposed action:
Federal Actions. A management agreement between BLM and Dixie
National Forest would be needed for forest land contained within pro-
posed BLM allotment boundaries. These lands are isolated tracts that
are fenced in with public land because exclusion is not practical due to
rough terrain. Agreement would be made prior to implementation.
A rangeline fence agreement would have to be completed between BLM,
Cedar City District and BLM, Las Vegas, Nevada District, in order to
fence a portion of the border to prohibit livestock movement across the
State line into Utah. The agreement would specify the area to be fenced,
construction responsibility, maintenance, and cost. The agreement would
have to be initiated prior to construction and implementation.
Coordination with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for clearance on
proposed actions relating to threatened and endangered species would be
required plus BLM evaluation of possible impacts prior to construction
and implementation phases.
State Actions. Archaeological and Historical Society clearance
would be needed from the State archaeologist for projects constructed in
Arizona. The Utah State Historic Preservation Officer has accepted the
BLM-proposed means to insure protection of cultural values which have
archaeological, historical, architectural, and cultural importance and
interest (Appendix III). Onsite investigations and clearance would be
needed prior to construction.
County Actions. Clearance would be required from the Washington
County Commission for any fences that would cross county roads. The BLM
would furnish the cattleguards which would be installed and maintained
by the county.
1-46
MONITORING PROGRAMS
MONITORING PROGRAMS
Evaluations and Studies. The proposed action includes an evaluation at
the conclusion of grazing cycles by various study procedures that would
monitor changes in plant composition and ground cover. Four primary
studies are basic to this evaluation: actual grazing use, vegetative
utilization, range condition and trend, and climate analyses (BLM Manual
Section 4413.3). In addition, collection of data on wildlife habitat,
riparian vegetation, utilization and trends, and watershed condition is
proposed if pertinent to the resource values of the allotment. For
example, supplemental studies would be conducted on riparian areas to
determine if objectives for stabilization and/or improvement are being
achieved. If the objectives on some of these areas are not being
achieved, other alternatives, such as fencing to control livestock,
would be considered.
Data from these studies would be evaluated to determine the effec-
tiveness of current management and assist in making appropriate adjust-
ments
Modification. If the evaluation procedures determine that the specific
objectives established on the allotment are not being achieved, the AMP
would be modified. Such modifications (revisions) could include changes
in the grazing system, livestock numbers, season of use, additional
range developments, or any combination of revisions in order to attain
the objectives. Allotment Management Plan modifications would require
preparation of an environmental assessment record or a supplement to
this environmental statement before significant change could be effected.
In addition, the BLM Area Manager would make adjustments in the grazing
systems during periods of drought or other emergencies when such adjust-
ments would be in the interest of accomplishing management objectives.
1-47
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
INTERRELATIONSHIPS
This section describes how the proposed action interrelates with
existing or proposed National, State, and local government plans and
policies, and private projects. The administration of public lands
involves a complex interdependence between lands of different ownership,
users' capabilities, and needs.
This complex interdependency of lands has developed in the live-
stock industry not only in the Washington County area but throughout the
western United States. Besides providing forage, growing demands for
energy, food, fiber, water, minerals, recreation opportunities, and
wildlife have given Federal lands an even greater value (CAST, 1974).
Because public lands in the west are extensively interspersed with
private and state-owned land, the use and management of land under one
ownership has a strong influence on the use of adjacent land owned by
others (CAST, 1974). Close coordination between the various land manag-
ing agencies is required in order to accomplish common goals and avoid
resource use conflicts.
Federal Programs
Utah BLM. The following discussion describes how the land alloca-
tions supporting the proposed action were derived. The planning docu-
ments prepared for the area covered by the Hot Desert ES provide an
analysis of land use alternatives that lead up to the development of
planning guidelines which indicate land to be wholly or partially dedi-
cated to livestock grazing. The discussion identifies land uses fore-
gone to permit the development of the proposed action and indicates the
degree to which the proposal has been scaled back in favor of other land
uses or because of limited resource capability.
Description of Planning System. The BLM adopted a multiple use planning
system during the mid-1960s. This system, which has been continually
studied and improved, is basically a tool that combines resource and
socioeconomic data along with identified public needs into a specific
course of action for the variety of natural resources administered by
1-48
INTERRELATIONSHIPS
BLM. As new information becomes available or conditions change, the
system is revised accordingly.
The planning system process is based on the identification of spe-
cific geographic areas called planning units. It is at this identi-
fication level that the six basic planning system components, described
below, are applied. Public involvement is very important in every phase
of the planning system and is used in the development of each component.
Land and Resource Inventory. Inventories contain data on land and
resource location, extent, utilization, condition, and trend. Basic
inventories for the Virgin River Planning Unit were updated in 1976.
Unit Resource Analysis (URA). This document contains resource
inventory summaries, analysis of resource potential, and evaluation of
the capability of the land to fill the various public resource activity
needs. The URA for the Virgin River Planning Unit was updated in 1976.
Social Economic Profile. This component identifies and analyzes
socioeconomic conditions on a large scale. The profile for the entire
Cedar City BLM District is scheduled for completion in 1977.
Planning Area Analysis. The Planning Area Analysis relates exist-
ing and future needs of the public to the natural resources available
within specific planning units. (This analysis was not used for the
Virgin River Planning Unit because it is a relatively new concept and
has not yet been completed for this unit).
Management Framework Plan (MFP). This land use plan is developed
using resource management opportunities identified in the URA, plus
applicable socioeconomic information. Objectives and recommendations
are developed for each resource activity, consistent with socioeconomic,
policy, and environmental needs. A multiple use analysis process then
establishes the best "mix" of land use allocations. The MFP for the
Virgin River Planning Unit was originally completed in 1973 and was
revised in 1977. This MFP covers the entire Hot Desert ES area with the
exception of the Arizona portion (15,391 acres of public land) which is
scheduled for MFP completion in 1979. Because this Arizona area has
similar features, resource opportunities, and demands, it is anticipated
1-49
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
that MFP grazing allocations would be similar to those in the Virgin
River MFP. The MFP recommendations served as both guides and con-
straints to BLM personnel involved in preparing the proposed action for
this ES. The MFP allocated various resource uses for specific geo-
graphic areas and established levels of use .
Activity Plans. These plans detail how multiple use guidelines
will be implemented. For example, the allotment management plans (AMPs),
from which part of the proposed action is derived, are activity plans.
Early in 1977, AMPs were completed for the Virgin River Planning Unit.
Figure 1-11 illustrates how this process fits together. In addi-
tion, a detailed description of the entire planning process can be found
in BLM Manuals 1601 to 1609.
The following is a brief description, by resource, of multiple use
considerations contained in the Virgin River MFP that affect the pro-
posed action. These guidelines include both constraints on grazing and
resource uses foregone as a result of the grazing of domestic livestock;
a brief rationale is also provided. Table 1-11 contains a summary of
the MFP. The complete Virgin River MFP and associated documents are
available for public inspection at the BLM St. George Area Office and
Cedar City District Office.
Recommended Decisions For Livestock Management Activities
1. Designate rangeland as either suitable or unsuitable and
adjust livestock grazing use accordingly. No allotment will be grazed
over the carrying capacity. In determining suitability for livestock
grazing, consider such factors as vegetative productivity, distances
from water, erosion levels and steepness of slopes. (For a detailed
description on how suitability is determined, see Appendix IV.)
2. Establish and maintain the livestock forage production attain-
able on 529,564 acres of public land in the Virgin River Planning Unit
while providing 27,926 AUMs of livestock forage in the future on a sus-
tained yield basis. In the interim until such potential is realized
provide 20,767 AUMs of currently available livestock forage. Over the
long term, economic stability for the livestock operators and improve-
ment of resource conditions are the goals.
1-50
SOCIAL
ECONOMIC
PROFILE
PLANNING
AREA
ANALYSIS
LAND AND
RESOURCE
INVENTORY
\
MANAGEMENT
FRAMEWORK
PLAN
ACTIVITY
PLAN
UNIT
RESOURCE
ANALYSIS
Figure 1 -11
BLM PLANNING PROCESS
1-51
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1-56
INTERRELATIONSHIPS
3. Authorize custodial management where field investigations and
livestock forage condition studies indicate that allotments are not
suitable or are only partially suitable for intensive livestock manage-
ment, but where the allotments have some value for livestock grazing.
Forage values will not be developed to their full potential since no
intensive grazing management plan is designed in these areas; grazing
will be authorized for the capacity of Federal range with appropriate
stipulations for custodial management.
4. Initiate intensive livestock management through implementation
of AMPs and associated range developments and combine allotments in
order to implement grazing systems and necessary range developments.
Trend studies show that the apparent trend is down or static for most of
the 529,564-acre Virgin River MFP area. Studies conducted show 232,188
acres of livestock forage in poor condition (this is not necessarily
indicative of range condition but only indicates the condition of those
forage species preferred by domestic livestock), 140,653 acres - fair,
26,150 acres - good, and 130,573 acres unsuitable for livestock. This
apparent downward trend and other range problems, such as overutiliza-
tion of desirable forage species and improper livestock distribution,
can be improved through implementation of AMPs with grazing systems that
will provide for plant and soil needs not currently being supplied by
existing management procedures. AMPs will determine season of use,
prescribe a grazing system, and include necessary range development
projects to implement the grazing system.
5. Make an interim livestock grazing management decision to
manage specific allotments or portions thereof for the period between
the present time and such time as the proposed AMPs can be implemented
(table 1-12). Close the Canyon and Terrace allotments to grazing until
the plant vigor on the key forage species is in fair to good condition.
Provide rest for the key forage species on the remaining allotments by a
combination of one or more of the following management practices:
a. Haul water
b. Rotate cattle on existing waters
1-57
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
c. Place salt at least 1 mile away from water
d. Herd livestock to seldom-used areas
e. Adjust season of use to eliminate grazing during the
growing season
These management practices will be implemented to assist in estab-
lishing an upward trend in the key forage species prior to implementa-
tion of the AMP.
6. Management and administration of trailing permits would reduce
competition for forage. Stock must be trailed through and not allowed
to drift free; trailing must take place on designated trails and road
rights-of-way. One-night stops should be in corrals, where available.
Present or Potential Land Uses that Interact with Livestock Grazing. A
summary of those resource uses in the Virgin River MFP that interact
with grazing is incorporated in table 1-11 and shown in figure 1-12
bound in at the back of this volume. For a complete review of the
resource recommendations, multiple use analysis, and rationale, consult
the Virgin River MFP.
TABLE 1-12
Allotments Designated for Interim Management
Alger Hollow (east portion)
Beaver Dam Wash (Dodge Spring
Wash only)
Canyon
Frog Hollow
Gunlock (along Santa Clara
Creek)
LaVerkin
Terrace
Warner Valley
Ash Creek
Big Mountain (north portion only)
Dome
Grafton
Jackson Wash (along Jackson Wash
only)
Pintura
Twin Peaks (seeding only)
Workman Wash
1-51
INTERRELATIONSHIPS
Arizona BLM. The BLM Arizona Strip District and the Cedar City
District have signed an interdi strict agreement on range management.
The agreement includes the boundary line from the Nevada border to the
easternmost edge of the Arizona Strip. The resultant effect on the area
covered by this environmental statement was an exchange of jurisdiction
of five existing Utah allotments (to Arizona management) and two Arizona
allotments (to Utah management).
District management of grazing on these seven allotments would
require coordination since grazing management interrelates with multiple
use planning, policies, and other programs.
Bureau of Reclamation. Under the Colorado River Basin Salinity
Control Act of 1974, the Bureau of Reclamation (BuRec) has proposed
construction of a desalinization plant near LaVerkin Springs in Washing-
ton County and has filed a draft environmental statement. In order to
locate the proposed desalinization plant, BuRec has requested the with-
drawal of certain lands contained in the proposed Sandstone Mountain and
Sand Hills Allotments. If these lands should be withdrawn for BuRec' s
purposes, then 545 acres out of a total of 3,523 contained within the
two allotments, along with 17 AUMs out of a total of 121, would no
longer be available for livestock grazing. While overall management
objectives for this ES would not be affected, such a withdrawal would
present a conflict with proposed BLM management decisions and levels of
grazing use for these two allotments.
Forest Service. In general, the Forest Service has the same multi-
ple use land management policies as BLM: long-term sustained use of the
resource for the benefit of the public is a management objective shared
by both agencies. For this reason management programs of the two
agencies are similar and, to a degree, complementary.
Twenty-seven BLM permittees having cattle operations on 17 proposed
allotments also graze on the adjacent Dixie National Forest. Generally,
these permittees use the Forest Service ranges from June 1 through the
end of September or mid-October. The permittees utilize BLM and pri-
vately controlled ranges for the rest of the year. The range program on
1-59
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
the Dixie National Forest is established in that the allotments have
been adjudicated and grazing management plans are implemented. Although
the Forest Service and BLM maintain separate range management programs,
close coordination between the permittee and both agencies is practiced.
Table 1-13 indicates those BLM and Forest Service allotments jointly
used in connection with livestock operations in Washington County.
Soil Conservation Service. The Soil Conservation Service (SCS)
efforts are primarily directed toward stabilization of the soil and
watershed resources and increasing the productive capability of private
land. Basic policies regarding resource conservation are similar be-
tween SCS and BLM and many projects, such as the Warner Draw Watershed
Work Plan, are complementary to BLM management objectives to improve
watershed through livestock management. In this cooperative improvement
program, BLM has agreed to pursue a land treatment program that is
designed to stabilize the soil. Much of the work, including construc-
tion of erosion check dams and reservoirs, has been completed. These
joint conservation efforts require continuing coordination between BLM
and SCS in order to achieve maximum conservation.
In an effort to improve production capability on private land, SCS
has developed its farm and ranch plan programs which include soil con-
servation projects such as detention reservoirs and seedings. In the
case of ranch plan development, grazing systems are designed to effec-
tively use the private range. In an integrated program, other range-
lands such as public land must be considered. If the private ranch plan
development incorporates other use on public land, conflicts could
arise, particularly if use on public land is adjusted. The management
programs of these two agencies should be closely coordinated to avoid
conflicts and still accomplish management goals.
State of Utah Programs. The Office of the Utah State Water Engineer
controls the allocation of water resources for all State and private
land within the State. Because the proposed action involves water
developments, close cooperation must be maintained between BLM and the
Water Engineer Office to assure that sufficient water would be avail-
able. This grazing proposal also involves piping water across the Utah
1-60
CO r—
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5 5
** o
1-61
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
border into Arizona, which would require coordination with the Utah
Water Engineer Office.
The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources (DWR) is responsible for
the protection, management, and conservation of wildlife in Washington
County. The BLM manages habitat on public land for wildlife.
The BLM planning system incorporates wildlife needs and their
habitat requirements into multiple use considerations. The proposed
action was developed through coordination with DWR. Wildlife forage
allocations have been included in the proposal and range developments
have been designed to enhance wildlife uses. According to DWR esti-
mates, the public land wildlife forage allocated in the proposal for the
Hot Desert area would be sufficient to meet the projected demands by
deer.
Since management activities of both agencies are closely related,
continued coordination would be necessary particularly in the areas of
wildlife harvests, population studies, habitat management, and protec-
tion of threatened or endangered wildlife species.
The Utah State Division of Lands leases most eligible State-owned
rangeland for grazing purposes. If these lands are located within or
adjacent to BLM allotments and the permittee holds a current State
lease, he may enter into an Exchange of Use Agreement with BLM for lands
under State lease. In exchange, the State land is managed under the
same management practices as management on public land. The BLM estab-
lishes the amount of livestock forage available for use on these lands,
which are usually isolated sections scattered throughout the allotment.
There are 54,063 acres and 1,734 AUMs eligible for exchange of use;
inclusion into the proposed management systems would not conflict with
management goals. There are no BLM range developments proposed for
these State lands.
Washington County Programs. Under the zoning master plan, almost all of
the public lands affected by the proposed action are in the Open Space-
20 (agricultural purposes and cattle grazing) classification. A few of
the areas are included in other Open Space categories, but livestock
grazing is one of the conditional uses allowed.
1-62
INTERRELATIONSHIPS
With anticipated future growth of communities in Washington County,
public land may be needed to meet increased demands for land. The BLM
planning system has recognized this projected need and has designated
certain lands, some of which are located in proposed allotments, which
may be eligible for disposal. Depending on actual location, acreage and
intensity of management, conflicts could arise. Close coordination
between county government and BLM would be needed.
Private Programs
Allen-Warner Valley Energy System. The proposed Allen-Warner
Valley Energy System would conflict with the proposed Hot Desert action.
If the proposed Warner Valley project should materialize, the locations
of the reservoir site, power plant site, and right-of-way corridors
would affect the proposed grazing management in the Dome and Fort Pierce
Allotments. Approximately 4,872 acres of public land and 284 AUMs would
be involved. In addition, the proposed alignment of the canal trans-
porting water to the reservoir would cross the Sand Mountain Allotment
and would cause conflicts with the location of range developments.
In the event the Allen-Warner Valley project proceeds, close coor-
dination with the project applicant would be necessary in order to
develop mitigating measures designed to reduce conflicts with the Hot
Desert proposal. Conflicts could arise on pasture alignment, improve-
ment location, and grazing capacity. Existing range developments would
also be affected.
The MFP has recognized this possible conflict and the implementa-
tion of these proposed allotment management plans would be delayed
pending completion of the environmental statement analyzing the proposed
energy system.
If completed, the Warner Valley portion of the proposed energy
system could possibly influence existing interdependency and relation-
ships between grazing management on public land and the private sector.
Private Ranching Operations. The interdependency of Federal, pri-
vate, and other lands in a range livestock operation must be viewed from
the standpoint of yearlong forage supplies. The private holdings of
1-63
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
many ranch units cannot supply the necessary forage for all seasons of
the year; they must combine grazing of public land with forage produced
on other land to obtain a yearlong supply of feed (CAST, 1974).
Data presented in the 1974 Agricultural Survey for Washington
County plus information regarding BLM permittees indicate that approx-
imately 66 percent of the beef industry in the county uses public land
for some part of their operation. The average grazing season on public
land is 5 months.
In the Hot Desert ES area, private lands are generally located
along the river drainages, figure 1-13 (all fold-out maps are bound in
at the back of this volume), and are used primarily for agricultural
production. Some of these properties have base property qualifications
and support livestock when not on Federal range.
1-64
CHAPTER 2
DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER 2
DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes, in summary form, environmental components
likely to be impacted by the proposed action. Discussions on environ-
mental components related to (1) the broader geographic setting and
aspects of ecological, social, and economic interrelationships likely to
be impacted, and (2) specific areas which would likely be impacted.
Members of an interdisciplinary team have prepared technical re-
ports which contain detailed information on the environment. Their
reports are on file in the Cedar City District Office, Bureau of Land
Management (BLM), Cedar City, Utah.
Descriptions presented are designed to be commensurate with the
expected magnitude, intensity, duration, and incidence of impacts. The
following descriptions are also designed to provide the reader with
sufficient understanding of the environment to evaluate possible
impacts.
In addition, the probable future environment of the area as it
would be without implementation of the proposed action is described.
The following overview of the Hot Desert environment is provided as
an introduction to subsequent sections within this chapter.
The Hot Desert area is unique for Utah as it is the northern-most
limit of the Sonoran Desert. Because of this, a brief explanation of
the basic interrelationships is needed to bring the present condition of
the ecosystem into perspective.
The range ecosystem, of which man is a part, comprises plant and
animal communities along with soil, topography, water, air, temperature,
precipitation and solar energy. The outputs of this ecosystem are many
and include vegetation, fish, wildlife, livestock, air, recreation,
landscape, and open space (Vallentine, 1971). Physical characteristics
(climate, topography, and soils) determine the kind of vegetation avail-
able and the degree of use it may receive (Stoddart et al., 1975).
2-1
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
One of the most important components of this ecosystem is precipi-
tation. Seasonal distribution, amount, and frequency of sufficient
precipitation are particularly important because they determine the type
of vegetation, its reproductive capability and growth rate. The evapo-
ration rates for this area are high due to the low humidity, high tem-
peratures and frequent wind. This, coupled with low frequency of pre-
cipitation during the growing season, often limits continued plant
growth and favors desert shrub vegetation.
The soils of the Hot Desert are influenced by the geology and
topography of the area. Topography influences the effect climate has on
the geology which, in turn, is the parent material from which the soil
profile is developed. The characteristics of the soil influence the
kinds of plants that grow in a particular area, and subsequent changes
in the soil through development or deterioration result in changes in
vegetative composition. In the Hot Desert, this change normally takes
place very slowly, although in extreme climatic events, soil losses may
occur rapidly.
The plants that grow in this desert environment have developed
resistance to the extreme variables of temperature and moisture by
having small leaves, being able to grow during moist periods, storing
water for long periods, and being able to go into dormancy during dry
periods. The native vegetation is particularly drought resistant.
Frequently, the most highly adaptive vegetation species in this eco-
system are those not especially palatable to wildlife or livestock, such
as most cacti, blackbrush, snakeweed, rabbitbrush, creosote bush, shad-
scale, etc. Since these plants are better adapted to the extremes in
the Hot Desert, they frequently invade areas that once supported palat-
able forage species.
Of prime importance in the survival of this community is the avail-
ability and quality of water. Some desert animals do not drink water
but survive on succulent plants in season, living on metabolic water
during drought or vegetative dormancy. The characteristics of this
desert ecosystem affect the quality and quantity of available water.
2-2
INTRODUCTION
The many open spaces between plants, the slow breakdown of persistent
litter, steep slopes, high-erosion susceptibility and infrequent storms
of high intensity, all influence the hydro! ogic cycle by determining
infiltration rates, runoff, underground flow and water quality. The
main water sources contain a high degree of sediment when flowing and
this affects the type of fishes that can survive in this harsh environ-
ment.
Use of the land in the Hot Desert is dependent on these several
components and their interrelationships. This chapter explains the Hot
Desert environment and its present condition.
2-3
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
CLIMATE
General. The climate in Washington County, Utah, which is character-
istic of the Hot Desert, is semi arid, characterized by low precipita-
tion, low humidity, bright sunshine, and wide diurnal variations in
temperature. Climatic conditions at individual locations are strongly
dependent on elevation. Higher elevations are characterized by lower
temperatures and greater precipitation. The City of St. George is
located in a valley in the southern part of Washington County at an
elevation of 2,880 feet above sea level, and has a climate more repres-
entative of the lower valleys. A climatological summary for St. George
is given in table 2-1.
Temperature. The Hot Desert area is characterized by hot summers and
relatively short, mild winters. Maximum temperatures in midsummer range
from 90° to 100° F depending on elevation. Winter maxima range from 44°
to 54° F with minima from 20° to 28° F. Cold spells in the winter are
rare and of short duration because of the protection from cold air
masses offered by the high mountains to the north and the east.
In St. George, the average date of the last frost in spring is
March 31, while the average date of the first frost is October 30, with
an average frost-free period of 213 days. Average length of frost-free
periods becomes shorter with elevation. At elevations of 5,000 feet or
higher the frost-free period generally averages from 150 to 170 days.
Precipitation. Average annual precipitation varies from less than 8
inches in the valleys below 3,000 feet to over 16 inches at elevations
of 6,000 feet or higher, (fig. 2-1). Maximum precipitation amounts
occur in winter associated with storm systems from the Pacific Ocean. A
secondary maximum occurs during July and August associated with summer
thunderstorms. The driest months are May and June.
Mean annual snowfall varies from less than 3 inches in St. George
to 40 inches or more in the mountains at elevations above 5,000 feet.
Except for the higher elevations in the Pine Valley Mountains, snow
cover seldom lasts for more than 1 day.
2-4
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2-5
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
Maximum 24-hour precipitation values are generally associated with
summer thunderstorms, and sometimes with precipitation in winter. Over
a 30-year observation period in St. George, the maximum recorded 24-hour
precipitation was 1.52 inches. At higher elevations, precipitation
rates tend to be greater. At elevations of 5,000 feet, maximum 24- hour
precipitation recordings of about 3.0 inches in a 30-year period are
expected (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1968). Intense summer thunder-
storms occasionally cause local flash floods in mountainous areas and
canyons. Because of the relatively low precipitation, consideration
must also be given to the probability of sufficient moisture during the
growing season. Table 2-2 gives the probability statistics based on
inches of precipitation from 0.06 to 2.00 inches.
Evaporation. Since 1971, evaporation at St. George has been measured on
a routine basis using a Class A evaporation pan which measures evapora-
tion rates slightly higher than normal from large lakes or reservoirs
and represents an estimate of potential evaporation. Actual evaporation
depends on the amount of water present in the soil, litter, cover and
vegetation.
Monthly evaporation and precipitation for St. George adjusted to
correspond to a 30-year mean (from 1941 to 1970) is given in table 2-3.
It is evident from the table that, on a monthly basis, the potential
evaporation substantially exceeds precipitation. This is particularly
true in the early summer months of May and June when climatic conditions
are hot and very dry.
Relative Humidity. Relative humidity varies with time of day and season.
Lowest humidity occurs during early summer, ranging from 15 to 40 per-
cent, depending on time of day. Highest humidity occurs in winter,
ranging between 40 and 60 percent. Relatively higher humidity readings
also occur in July and August associated with summer thunderstorms.
Winds. Prevailing winds in the area are generally light and mainly from
the southwest. Usually, wind direction and speed are strongly influ-
enced by local topographic conditions. During nighttime when the air
cools, air tends to flow down mountain slopes into the valleys; during
2-6
TABLE 2-2
Precipitation Means and Probabilities for 1-Week Periods
St. George, Utah
Mean
Precipi-
Percent
Probab
ility
(Percent)
of Receivin
g at Least
Period
tation
Probabil i
ty the Following Amounts
(in)
of Precip
'tation
Begins (
inches)
O-Trace
0.
06 0.
10 0.
20 0.
40 0.
50 0.80 1.00
1.40 2.00
March 1
.32
50
46
44
37
25
17
11
8
3
1
March 8
.20
53
43
40
32
20
12
8
5
2
March 15
.14
53
40
36
27
15
8
4
2
1
March 22
.16
48
40
35
25
13
7
4
2
1
March 29
.15
48
40
34
24
12
7
4
2
April 5
.13
58
31
26
18
9
5
2
1
April 12
.02
67
21
17
10
5
2
1
1
April 19
.09
58
30
25
17
8
4
2
1
April 26
.20
51
40
34
25
12
6
3
2
May 3
.08
58
34
30
22
12
7
4
2
i'
May 10
.19
60
32
28
21
12
7
4
3
l
May 17
.10
63
28
24
17
9
5
3
2
May 24
.04
73
21
18
12
6
3
2
1
May 31
.11
78
18
16
12
7
4
2
2
June 7
.05
83
13
11
8
5
3
2
1
June 14
.02
87
9
7
5
2
1
June 21
.03
86
11
9
5
2
1
June 28
.03
81
16
14
9
4
1
• •
• * •
July 5
.10
67
28
25
17
7
3
1
• • •
July 12
.13
52
39
33
22
10
5
2
1
July 19
.15
44
42
36
24
11
6
3
1
July 26
.14
41
45
38
26
12
6
3
1
August 2
18
43
48
42
30
16
8
4
2
August 9
.21
48
45
41
29
15
7
4
2
August 16
.07
53
39
33
22
10
5
2
1
August 23
.15
57
35
31
22
11
6
3
2
i'
August 30
.15
61
34
31
25
15
10
6
4
2
September 6
.23
68
27
25
21
14
9
7
5
2
September 13
.05
73
21
19
15
9
6
4
3
1
September 20
.12
66
28
25
19
10
6
3
2
September 27
.16
58
36
32
24
14
8
4
2
i
October 4
.15
59
34
30
23
13
8
5
3
i
October 11
.14
63
31
28
21
13
8
5
3
l
October 18
.18
64
31
29
23
15
9
6
3
l
October 25
.14
68
30
28
23
14
8
5
3
l
November 1
.13
66
30
28
23
14
8
5
3
l
November 8
.21
56
37
34
26
15
9
6
3
l
November 15
.13
54
38
34
24
13
7
4
2
l
November 22
.10
58
35
31
23
12
6
3
2
November 29
.19
53
42
38
29
17
10
5
3
i"
December 6
.24
49
46
42
34
21
13
8
5
2
December 13
.21
53
42
39
32
20
13
8
5
2
December 20
.20
51
43
39
30
19
12
7
4
2
December 27
.20
48
44
40
31
18
10
6
3
1
January 3
.16
49
45
41
31
17
9
5
3
1
January 10
.22
48
47
43
34
20
12
7
4
2
i
January 17
.31
47
47
43
34
22
14
10
7
3
1
January 24
.20
43
49
45
36
23
15
9
6
3
1
January 31
.33
40
53
49
40
26
16
10
6
2
February 7
.24
42
51
47
38
24
15
10
6
2
February 14
.22
45
48
44
35
22
14
8
5
2
February 21
.26
48
48
45
37
24
16
10
7
3
i"
Source: Gifford et al., 1967
2-7
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
TABLE 2-3
Average Monthly Pan Evaporation/Precipitation, St. George, Utah
Evaporation Precipitation
Month (inches) (inches)
January 2.2 0.88
February 3.0 0.83
March 5.8 0.90
April 8.2 0.52
May 11.4 0.38
June 13.7 0.19
July 13.5 0.61
August 11.1 0.64
September 8.9 0.48
October 6.1 0.57
November 3.2 0.69
December 2.1 0.87
TOTAL 88.2 7.56
Source: Arlo Richardson, Utah State Climatologist 1976: personal
communication.
aBureau of Reclamation estimates.
daytime, the wind tends to be reversed, although the pattern is not as
discernible.
2-8
AIR QUALITY
AIR QUALITY
Washington County and the surrounding areas are generally free of
man-made pollution sources. An observation program of background levels
of various atmospheric pollutants in Warner Valley, southeast of St.
George, generally reveals very clean air.
2-9
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY
Washington County is a region with two distinctly different pat-
terns of relief features. These features and their underlying bedrock
are among the factors that influence soils, topography, precipitation
and wind movements.
The western portion of the county is characterized by tilted fault-
block mountains and ridges with broad intervening sediment-filled basins.
Outcrops of igneous rock are common in this portion.
The eastern portion of the county is characterized by horizontal to
gently dipping sedimentary strata containing numerous linear plateaus,
long, widely spaced north-south trending folds, and faults of consider-
able displacement. One such fault, the most prominent structural fea-
ture of the county, is the Hurricane Fault. This fault, with a maximum
elevation differential of 8,000 feet is over 150 miles in length. This
elevation differential is clearly evident and is represented by the
west- facing Hurricane Cliffs. The Hurricane Cliffs bisect the county
separating the two different patterns of relief features (fig. 2-2).
Except for the most southern and eastern portions of the county,
the most important rock type is the Navajo sandstone, an excellent
aquifer. The location of these aquifers influences water developments
for livestock, wildlife, and man. Other rock types in the county
include shale, limestone, conglomerate, and volcanic intrusive and
metamorphic rocks (fig. 2-2).
Resistance of the various strata to erosion has determined much of
the topographic character of the county. Elevations range from 2,200
feet above sea level in the Beaver Dam Wash to 7,746 feet above sea
level in the Beaver Dam Mountains (fig. 2-2).
Much of the public land in the county is mountainous and steep.
The rapid elevation differentials cause great differences in precipita-
tion, wind movement, and temperature. These variances cause a great
diversity in the way the natural resources of the county must be
managed.
2-10
SOILS
SOILS
Introduction. The distribution and characteristics of soils in the Hot
Desert area strongly exhibit the influence of climatic and topographic
features (fig. 2-3).
Soils formed in the desert basins of this area are limited in their
development and are typically recent in origin. Their profiles reflect
the character of the parent material from which they were derived and
their limited productive capability is a result of low precipitation and
subsequent low organic matter content. Desert soils in this area are
generally coarse textured and may have a calcareous hardpan layer
beneath the surface.
At higher elevations, where climatic conditions are favorable,
soils typically contain more organic matter and are more productive than
at lower elevations. These soils are better developed than soils formed
in the deserts and are normally formed from alluvial deposits origi-
nating from parent material in nearby mountains. In the Hot Desert,
these soils may also be underlain by a hardpan.
On steep slopes in the mountainous terrain of this area, soils are
typically shallow, have a coarse, gravely texture, and are well drained.
Most of the soils in the Hot Desert area are predominantly alluvial
in origin. In addition, there are some small areas derived from coarse-
grained igneous rock that have coarse textures and are normally well
drained.
In 1973 the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) conducted a detailed
soil survey in Washington County, which covers most of the ES area. One
hundred and three individual soil series were identified, described,
mapped, and grouped into 15 soil associations. That portion of the
statement area in Arizona was divided into two additional associations
described as part of the statewide soil association map developed by SCS
for Arizona.
Soil Description. The soil associations of the Hot Desert area are
shown in figures 2-3 and 2-4. Table 2-4 contains a detailed description
2-11
Source: ' SCS Soil Survey of Washington County -unpublished
Figure 2-4
SOIL DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION TO TOPOGRAPHY
HOT DESERT AREA
2-12
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2-14
SOILS
of the 17 soil associations. Specific information was obtained from the
1973 SCS Soil Survey. Appendix V shows soil associations found in each
allotment.
Production Potentials. Soil production potentials were estimated for
each soil association using SCS range site descriptions developed for
individual soils found within each soil association. These potentials
were calculated in pounds of air-dry vegetation produced per acre each
year. These estimates can be found in table 2-4.
Current Erosion. In the Hot Desert area, soil loss from erosion occurs
by two agents, wind and water. Removal of ground cover increases over-
land flow of sediment and accelerates soil losses. Soil compaction
reduces infiltration rates and accelerate soil loss. Erosion of soil
reduces its ability to produce vegetation. Loss of plant nutrients
(fertility) by erosion reduces the productive capacity of the soil.
In determining specific rates of sediment yield by allotment (table
2-5) erosion rates were not grouped. Specific rates of sediment yield
were used as determined at each sample point. Current erosion was
evaluated using methods that evaluate those factors which influence the
rate and likelihood of erosion (see Appendix VI for detailed method-
ology). This information on most of the area was obtained by BLM in the
fall of 1975; additional information for the Hot Desert area was
gathered during 1976. Actual sediment yield data collected by the SCS
for specific sites in the Washington County area was used to calibrate
erosion estimates made by BLM. The information in table 2-5 indicates
that current erosion for all the allotments is highly variable. Erosion
losses may vary from 0.12 to over 17 acre-feet per square mile per year;
the average for all allotments is 3.5.
Erosion Potential (Susceptibility). The erosion potential of a soil is
determined by several important physical factors and soil properties.
The Washington County soil survey compiled by SCS determined erosion
potential by considering the following factors: rock fragments, percent
sand, silt and clay, organic matter, structure, permeability, and slope.
2-15
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
Similar criteria were used to determine erosion potentials of that
portion of the area in Arizona. Based on this criteria, the statement
area in both Utah and Arizona was grouped into three erosion potential
classes. Because of the variable nature and complexity of soil associa-
tions the most limiting of actions were considered in determining the
erosion potential. Twenty-eight percent of the area was found to be in
a slight erosion class, 39 percent - moderate and 33 percent - high.
When more than one erosion potential class was found within each
soil association, the higher value was used to indicate erodibility for
that association. The erosion potentials for each allotment are also
shown on table 2-5.
TABLE 2-5
Erosion Potential and Sediment Yield
E
rosion Potent
ial (Acres)
Present
Allotments
Slight
Moderate
High
Total
Erosion
Alger Hollow
Alger Hollow
5,280
3,344
176
8,800
3.67
Diamond Valley
1,730
1,730
0.55
Wide Canyon
6,250
6,250
2.50
Sand Wash
4,410
2,590
7,000
3.18
Apex Slope
Apex Slope
3,527
2,352
5,879
2.01
Beaver Dam Slope
-
Indian Spring
11,342
5,992
4,066
21,400
8.62
Castle Cliffs
10,798
1,262
12,060
6.43
Santa Clara/
25,321
5,080
4,629
35,030
7.21
Beaver Dam Slope
Big Mountain
Big Mountain
9,126
9,126
4.31
Source: Interpreted from information contained in SCS 1973 Soil Survey
of Washington County; present erosion interpreted from methods developed
by Pacific Southwest Interagency Committee and BLM (Appendix VI).
Soil loss in acre-feet per square mile per year.
(continued)
2-16
TABLE 2-5 (continued)
Erosion Potential (Acres) Present.
Allotments
Slight
Moderate
High
Total
Erosion
Boomer Hill
Boomer Hill
Cove Wash
555
779
385
1,829
779
940
3,387
0.91
4.91
Boot Spring
Boot Spring
2,118
2,118
2.94
Bull Mountain
Bull Mountain
958
13,358
203
14,519
7.45
Central
Central
2,920
2,920
1.52
Coalpits and Fault
Coalpits
Fault
Cougar Canyon
Cougar Canyon
1,515
463
9,150
1,010
322
2,525
785
9,150
1.19
1.20
5.05
Curly Hollow
Curly Hollow
2,297
4,364
16,311
22,972
15.42
Dagget Flat
Dagget Flat
4,127
4,127
2.50
Desert Inn
Desert Inn
5,547
19,046
12,390
36,983
17.16
Dome
Dome
Warner Valley
1,422
123
766
757
2,188
880
1.47
1.26
Fort Pierce
Fort Pierce, UT
Spendlove
Fort Pierce, AZ
2,763
765
1,658
5,664
8,844
4,788
1,225
4,974
9,209
7,654
13,818
8.88
7.91
15.12
Gooseberry
Gooseberry
4,440
4,440
2.03
Grafton
Grafton
7,258
7,258
5.33
Soil loss in acre-feet
per square mile per
year.
(continued)
2-17
TABLE 2-5 (continued)
Erosion Potential (Acres) Present
Allotments Slight Moderate High Total Erosion
Gunlock
Gunlock 2,787 3,547 6,334 3.09
Herd House
Herd House 344 1,952 574 2,870 1.57
Hurricane
Hurricane 2,029 41 2,070 2.28
Hurricane Fault
Eagle 287 1,308 1,595 1.02
Terrace 2,484 1,874 4,358 2.01
Frog Hollow 573 2,032 2,605 4.36
Workman Wash 676 1,312 1,988 0.90
Gould 4,897 3,403 8,300 6.69
Gould Ranches 580 580 0.20
Hurricane Mesa
Hurricane Mesa 204 6,607 6,811 3.93
Jackson Wash
Jackson Wash 8,030 11,759 8,891 28,680 14.73
Land Hill
Land Hill 1,030 1,030 0.57
Little Creek
Little Creek 14,595 14,595 7.62
Mesa
Mesa 2,580 2,580 1.64
Minera Wash
Minera Wash 1,530 3,107 4,637 .59
Red Cliffs
Silver Reef 670 500 1,170 0.64
Leeds 899 1,744 2,643 1.87
Red Cliffs 4,058 812 5,274 10,144 4.98
Sand Mountain
Sand Mountain 700 1,960 11,340 14,000 11.87
Sand Mountain Spring 1,679 251 1,930 1.41
Sand 1,443 3,712 5,155 4.25
a
Soil loss in acre-feet per square mile per year. (continued)
2-11
TABLE 2-5 (continued)
Allotments
Erosion Potential (Acres)
Slight Moderate
High.
Present.
Total Erosion'
Sandstone Mountain
Sandstone Mountain
Santa Clara Creek
Santa Clara Creek
Scarecrow Peak
Terry
Beaver Dam Wash
Cat Claw
Snow Holding Pasture
Short Creek
Short Creek
Canaan Gap
Canyon
Smith Mesa
Smith Mesa
Toquerville
Toquerville
Ash Creek
LaVerkin
Pintura
Trail
Trai 1
Twin Peaks
Twin Peaks
Veyo
Veyo
Virgin
Virgin
Mountain Dell
Warner Ridge
Warner Ridge
Soil loss in acre-feet
734
10,350
24,982 1,880
3,410
350 3,145
1,138
1,773
1,136
182
1,265
1,533
189
1,655
263
844
2,981 5,075
1,797
3,038
845
843
581
407
3,409
184
1,576
372
2,531
3,038
10,350
26,862
3,410
3,495
1,983
2,616
581
1,940
4,734
1,839
2,021
2,481
245 4,645
1,600
716 1,168
per square mile per year.
1.75
3.81
3.77
9.52
1.15
0.90
2.41
1.25
1.13
1.86
2.97
0.41
1.30
1.39
1,127 2,093 3,220 5.14
3,460 18,456 6,920 28,836 16.40
8,056 4.47
4,890 6.18
1,600 0.22
1,884 3.38
(continued)
2-19
TABLE 2-5 (continued)
Erosion Potential (Acres) Present
Allotments Slight Moderate High Total Erosion
Washington
Washington 7,714 2,051 9,765 3.78
White Dome
White Dome 1,754 753 2,507 0.55
SUB TOTAL 146,915 195,663 163,284 505,862
CUSTODIAL
Airport
Airport 147 147 0.26
Black Canyon
Black Canyon 264 336 600 0.66
Box Canyon
Box Canyon 119 540 659 0.21
Cinder Mountain
Cinder Mountain 246 1,994 2,240 1.42
Dal ton Wash
Dalton Wash 333 522 855 0.36
Lamoreaux
Lamoreaux 80 80 160 0. 18
Little Plain
Little Plain 37 893 930 0.46
North Grafton
North Grafton 500 500 0.25
Red Butte
Red Butte 384 510 894 0. 92
Rock Springs
Rock Springs 205 615 820 0.68
Sand Hills
Sand Hills 992 992 1.32
aSoil loss in acre- feet per square mile per year. (continued)
2-20
TABLE 2-5 (concluded)
Allotments
Erosion Potential (Acres) Present.
Slight Moderate High Total Erosion'
Sand Wash Reservoir
Sand Cove
640
640 0.40
Stout
Stout
7
.228
235
0.12
Yellow Knolls
Yellow Knolls
525
1,028
525
10,197
0.14
SUB TOTAL
2,459
6,710
ELIMINATION OF GRAZING
LaVerkin Creek
LaVerkin Creek
322
4,286
6,108
10,716
8.30
Pace Knoll
Pace Knoll
1,885
1,885
1.10
Pintura Seeding
Pintura
904
7,075
904
13,505
0.21
SUB TOTAL
322
6,108
TOTAL
148,265
205,197
176,102
529,564
ar..
Soil loss in acre- feet per square mile per year.
2-21
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
VEGETATION
Vegetative Types. The land surface of Washington County and surrounding
area supports a great variety of plant species. This variety is due to
the diversity of soil types, elevation, exposure, temperature, precipi-
tation, and existing as well as past use. An area that supports vegeta-
tion and has one to several dominant or codominant species is identified
as a vegetative type usually named after the dominant or most abundant
species. These vegetative types vary greatly in the number of species
and percent of each species in the total composition. For instance, a
sagebrush vegetative type could be made up of 100 percent sagebrush or
as little as 10 percent sagebrush, as long as it is the dominant species
in terms of overall aspect. For the purpose of this statement, all
vegetation has been placed into one of the following types: Desert
Shrub, Pinyon- juniper, Sagebrush, Joshua tree, Creosote Bush, Grass,
Halfshrub, Saltbush, and annuals. Appendix VII contains a narrative
description of each vegetative type. In addition to these nine types,
there are several thousand acres of public land that are unsuitable for
livestock grazing because of steepness, low forage productivity or other
limiting factors and which are not delineated as vegetative types,
although these areas do support vegetation. Acres of vegetative types
by allotment are shown in table 2-6. Riparian vegetation will be dis-
cussed separately because of its uniqueness and location.
Information on vegetation was obtained from data gathered from
existing BLM forage surveys which used the ocular reconnaissance tech-
nique. These data are available in the BLM Cedar City District Office
in the Allotment Management Plan files. During the fall of 1975 and
throughout 1976, BLM completed new surveys where needed and rechecked
older surveys for accuracy, making adjustments as necessary. From the
survey information, vegetative types for each allotment (table 2-6) were
identified and the cover, species composition, and carrying capacity for
livestock and wildlife were determined. The physiological requirements
of the key forage species were considered in each allotment. Because of
2-22
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2-27
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
variations in each allotment relating to elevation, precipitation, and
seasonal growth of key species, average plant phenology for the ES area
is shown on table 2-7. Specific phenological data by allotment can be
found in the AMP file at the Cedar City District Office. Figure 2-5
indicates the distribution of vegetation and table 2-8 presents support-
ing information.
Areas of No Livestock Forage Allocation. Because of steep rocky ter-
rain, lack of water, inaccessibility, and/or low forage productivity,
130,573 acres (24 percent), supporting a variety of vegetative types,
were not considered suitable for livestock grazing. No livestock forage
was allocated on these areas. Even though these areas are used by wild-
life, they are only lightly used by domestic livestock. These areas are
scattered throughout the county but are more prevalent near Red Moun-
tain, Hurricane Mesa, Desert Inn, Bull Mountain, Sand Mountain, and
Little Creek Mountain. The larger topographic areas are shown on figure
2-5.
Riparian Vegetation. Within the study area, there are 16 streams pass-
ing through 31 allotments on public lands for a total of 86.5 miles. It
is assumed the 86.5 miles of perennial water supports riparian vegeta-
tion. This represents about 63 percent of the total riparian vegetation
(see also Fisheries Habitat, this chapter). Riparian vegetation is
considered to be vegetation that is associated with permanent water.
This unique vegetation is generally found growing along stream banks,
bodies of water, and around moist areas such as springs and seeps.
In the Hot Desert area, typical riparian vegetation consists of
shrubs such as willows (Salix), salt cedar (Tamarix), and arrowweed
(Pluchea) and seepwillow (Baccharis); grasslike plants such as rushes
(Juncas), and sedges (Carex); and aquatics such as watercress
(Nasturtium) and cattails (Typha). Species composition and ground cover
vary with the location and abundance of water.
Riparian communities in good condition exhibit an abundant and
diverse assortment of plants and animals. Healthy communities show good
age distribution; the soil is mostly covered with vegetation; bank
2-28
TABLE 2-7
Average Phenological Data for Key Species - Washington County Area
Developmental Stages
5/1
6/1
6/15
5/1
6/1
6/15
5/15
6/15
7/1
6/1
6/30
7/1
Start Seed
Key Species Growth Flowering Ripe Disseminate
Grasses
Upper Washington County
(above 5,000 feet)
Crested Wheatgrass (Agcr) 3/1
Pubescent Wheatgrass (Agtr) 3/1
Muttongrass (Pofe) 3/20
Squirrel tail (Sihy) 3/1
Lower Washington County
(less than 5,000 feet)
Galleta (Hija)
Big Galleta (Hiri)
Indian Ricegrass (Orhy)
Bush Muhly (Mupo)
Sand Dropseed (Spcr)
Shrubs
Upper Washington County
(above 5,000 feet)
Bitterbrush (Putr) 4/20 5/25 6/15 7/1
Lower Washington County
(less than 5,000 feet)
3/15
4/15
6/1
6/15
3/20
4/20
5/20
6/10
3/1
4/15
5/1
6/1
4/10
5/15
6/1
6/15
3/20
6/1
6/30
7/15
Winterfat (Eula)
3/10
5/1
6/1
6/15
Fourwing Saltbush (Atca)
4/10
4/25
6/11
9/30
Mormon tea (Epne)
3/1
4/1
6/1
6/15
Spiny Hopsage (Grsp)
2/20
4/15
5/25
6/10
Desert Bitterbush (Pugl)
4/10
5/1
6/1
7/1
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2-30
VEGETATION
erosion is generally lacking; the abundant vegetation provides cover for
animals and shades the water during most of the day. Figure 2-6 shows
the location of riparian vegetative communities.
Livestock and wildlife use these streams and water bodies for
watering places, cover, and forage, the riparian vegetation along the
banks is in poor condition in areas where use is concentrated and where
vegetation begins growth earlier in the spring and continues growth
later into the fall than most upland range plants. During this time,
the plants are more palatable than dried range plants and are actively
sought by cattle (Platts and Rountree, 1972).
Vegetative Condition. The condition of the vegetation is described in
terms of its value as livestock forage ad its relationship to ecological
climax condition. Both comparisons will be discussed separately.
Livestock Forage Condition. Livestock forage condition is the
present system used by BLM to rate vegetation as good, fair or poor in
relation to its ability to provide desirable livestock forage. This is
based on parameters of the vegetation and soil. The system assesses the
quality of vegetation based on the composition of desirable, inter-
mediate and least desirable species for each class of livestock and
considers the current and recent past evidence of soil erosion.
Information was gathered from studies conducted during 1976, and is
summarized in Appendix VIII. Of the public land allocated for livestock
grazing, 26,150 acres (4.9 percent) are in good livestock forage condi-
tion, 140,653 acres (26.5 percent) are in fair livestock forage condi-
tion, 232,188 acres (43.7 percent) are in poor condition and 130,573
acres (24.9 percent) were unallocated (Chapter 1).
Ecological Vegetative Condition. The following information has
been extracted from the National Range Handbook, 1976, published by the
Soil Conservation Service:
The range condition of areas within a range site is determined
by comparing the present plant community with that of the
climax plant community, as indicated by the range condition
guide for the site.
2-31
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
This evaluation is basically an ecological rating of the plant
community. Air-dry weight is the unit of measure used in
comparing the composition and production of the present plant
community with that of the climax community.
The rating will be between 0 and 100, depending on how closely
the plant community resembles the climax plant community for
the range site.
Four classes are used to express the degree to which the
composition of the present plant community reflects that of
the climax. They are:
Percentage of present
Range condition class plant community that is
climax for the range site
Excellent 76-100
Good 51-75
Fair 26-50
Poor 0-25
From information obtained from the Soil Conservation Service, Soil
Survey of Washington County, 1973 (summarized in Appendix IX), the
condition of public land was interpreted as follows:
4,433 acres public land (1 percent) in excellent condition
19,811 acres public land (7 percent) in good condition
58,267 acres public land (20 percent) in fair condition
123,719 acres public land (42 percent) in poor condition
91,681 acres public land (30 percent) no information (includes
areas where no interpretation was made)
231,653 acres classified as not a range site
Apparent Trend. Trend is a measurement to determine if the vege-
tative condition is improving or declining. This can be accomplished by
several methods but must include measurements at different points in
time, sufficiently separated to allow vegetation change. Photo plot
study information was gathered from BLM Cedar City District files where
available. Because of lack of time for sufficient replication in most
allotments (repetition of experiments under controlled conditions so
that a specific result may be observed), available data can only reflect
trend as "apparent." Apparent trend observations consider the vigor of
2-32
VEGETATION
desirable forage species, the quantity of new seedlings established by
desirable forage species, the apparent movement of surface litter, and
the degree of erosion apparent as viewed in terms of gully formation.
Observations also indicated the condition of livestock forage. As shown
in Appendix VIII, allotments listed as having apparent trends are shown
as "up," "down" or "static." On allotments where no trend information
is available, Appendix VIII indicates NA. This information shows 35,468
acres of public land in upward trend, 261,435 acres of public land in
downward trend, 73,828 acres of public land in static trend, and 158,833
acres of public land with no information available.
Production. Vegetative production is commonly measured in total
pounds of herbage produced per acre. Since information is not available
in this form for the Hot Desert area, production is measured in terms of
animal unit months (AUMs).
The ocular reconnaissance survey method used determines forage
production on the basis of the quality and quantity of forage available
to livestock and wildlife. From the older forage surveys, updates made
in 1976, and the new surveys completed during 1975 to 1976, the produc-
tion of vegetation on public land for wildlife is 17,081 AUMs and 19,759
AUMs for livestock. Since wildlife have the ability to graze on steeper
slopes than livestock, the wildlife can utilize much of the vegetation
in the unsuitable areas. The forage capacity in the unsuitable areas
makes up a large portion of the 17,801 AUMs available for wildlife and
is not actually competitive forage with livestock. Appendix VIII con-
tains production by allotment. Appendix X contains a detailed descrip-
tion of survey methods.
Threatened and Endangered Vegetation. A survey consisting of a litera-
ture search and field investigation by a qualified botanist identified
three plant species within proposed allotments that have been proposed
as threatened and endangered (Federal Register, June 1976). This survey
revealed two other species on the proposed threatened and endangered
list in Washington County but not within or immediately adjacent to
proposed allotments. The list of the species and their location can be
found in figure 2-6 and as follows.
2-33
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
Arctomecon humilis. This species has been found on the White Dome
and Curly Hollow Allotments.
Astragalus striatifloris. This species has not been found on any
proposed allotment, but has been found in Washington County.
Echinocereus engelmannii var purpureus. This species has been
found on the Alger Hollow and Curly Hollow Allotments.
Hetrotheca jonseii. This species has not been found on any pro-
posed allotment, but has been found in Washington County.
Pediocactus sileri. This species has been found on the Warner
Ridge Allotment.
Figure 2-6 indicates locations of those three threatened and endan-
gered plants known to occur within existing grazing allotments admin-
istered by the BLM in Washington County.
Poisonous Plants. No serious problem has been reported involving poi-
sonous plants and livestock although there are several such plants
scattered throughout the county. Following is a list of known poisonous
plants:
Botanical Names Common Names
Delphinium spp. Larkspur
Lupinus spp. Lupine
Astragalus spp. Milkvetch (loco weed)
Quercus gambelii Gambel Oak
Halogeton glomeratus Halogeton
Asclepias sp. Milkweed
Oxytenia acerosa Copper Weed
Bail yea spp. Desert Marigold
Stanleya pinnata Princess Plume
Zygadenus spp. Death Camas
Figures 2-7, 2-8, 2-9, 2-10, 2-11, and 2-12 illustrate various
common vegetative types found in the Hot Desert area.
2-34
Desert Shrub- Blackbrush Dominant Species
Typical Pinyon -Juniper : Rough Rocky Areas
Figure 2-7
VEGETATIVE TYPES
2-35
Sagebrush — Big Sagebrush Dominant Species
Common in Alluvial Bottoms
Joshua Tree; Note Sparse Vegetative Cover
And Rocky Soil Surface
Figure 2-8
VEGETATIVE TYPES
2-36
1 /c.u
■:■■■■ -i.
■
Grass -Native Galleta Grass
.,< \jtiMm**
m
Creosote Bush -Abundant Annuals And Snakeweed
Figure 2-9
VEGETATIVE TYPES
2-37
Half Shrub -Large Open Spaces And
Few Perennial Grasses
-
Saltbush- Large Open Spaces- Crusty (Gypsum) Soils
Figure 2-10
VEGETATIVE TYPES
2-31
I ■■
mr
■
Annuals- Closeup
Annuals Lighter Areas in Distant View - Result of Fire
Figure 2-11
VEGETATIVE TYPES
2-39
R iparian
'■* - Yv Nf*
Riparian
Figure 2-12
VEGETATIVE TYPES
2-40
WILDLIFE
WILDLIFE
Introduction. Each of the vegetative types found in the Hot Desert
provide food and cover for a variety of animal species. Some animals
are associated with a particular plant community or vegetative type,
while others are more wide-ranging.
Each animal has its specific food preferences and normally eats
certain plants that are seldom used by other animals. Also, certain
plants are more palatable, more abundant, more nutritious or more avail-
able to different animals at different seasons. However, in some cases,
the same plants may be preferred by more than one animal, including
livestock. In such cases, competition may be high, depending on how
important that plant is in each animal's diet.
Some wildlife species, such as mule deer and Gambel's quail, are
more likely to compete with livestock for food and/or cover and, there-
fore, will be discussed in detail. Other species, such as cougar and
band- tailed pigeon, while still integral parts of the Hot Desert com-
munity, will not be considered to any extent since they would not be
significantly impacted by the proposed action. A complete species list
for the Hot Desert, including mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians,
is available in the BLM Cedar City District Office.
Mammals
Mule Deer. Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) are the only big game
animals within the ES area that would be affected by the proposed action.
Much of their winter range is on public land with the majority of the
deer summering in higher country on National Forest lands (fig. 2-13).
There are a few small scattered resident herds, however, on BLM admin-
istered land. The pi nyon- juniper and mixed shrub types are the vegeta-
tive types most used by deer, with seedings also receiving heavy use in
some areas. There are some specific areas that receive concentrated
heavy deer use and some areas that receive heavy deer and livestock use.
These will be discussed in greater detail later. Figure 2-14 shows mule
deer distribution in the Hot Desert. Appendix XI shows wildlife AUMs,
season of use by allotment, and present condition of deer habitat.
2-41
. . ;'*>
Typical Deer Winter Range
Figure 2-13
WILDLIFE
2-42
WILDLIFE
Deer numbers are low throughout the state and Utah Herd Units 58,
61-A, 61-B and 61-C, parts of which cover the concerned area, are no
exception. According to the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources (DWR)
(Floyd Coles 1976: personal communication), one limiting factor for the
deer herds in the southwestern part of the state is not lack of winter
range but lack of good summer range in the higher country.
The DWR is managing these herd units to reach the potential popula-
tion shown below (Utah DWR 1977: personal communication):
Unit Number in Hot Desert Area
58 2,500 to 3,000
61 A 500 to 750
61 B 2,000 to 2,500
61 C 2,500 to 3,000
On the west side of the Virgin River Planning Unit, there is suffi-
cient browse on the winter range to support the potential herds, and
winters in this area are not severe enough to warrant classifying any
winter range as "critical." On the east side of the planning unit where
winters are more severe, winter range must also support migrating deer
from Zion National Park, Cedar Mountain, and Kolob Mountain. As a
result of the cumulative demand on forage in these areas by the resident
and migrating herds, competition with livestock for browse is more
severe (Floyd Coles 1976: personal communication).
Yearly data from DWR deer transects give an indication of pressure
on key areas. Figure 2-14 shows the locations of these pellet group
transects for the Hot Desert, and Appendix XII gives the deer days use
per acre for each transect for the past 10 years. When taken alone,
this data must be considered with caution. For example, a high deer
days use per acre could either mean a high deer density or a severe
winter which would tend to concentrate a small number of deer. These
figures cannot be applied to an entire area, nor can they be interpreted
in terms of exact numbers of deer. They do, however, show a trend over
a length of time when combined with other population data collected by
DWR each year (browse studies, winter kill statistics, etc). Also, the
2-43
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
data from transects on summer range can give an indication of pressure
on winter range.
In an effort to get an even better idea of mule deer use in spe-
cific areas, browse transects were run by BLM personnel in the spring
and summer of 1976. These are also shown on figure 2-14. Appendix XIII
summarizes the information from these transects.
The area of greatest conflict with livestock is in competition for
browse during the fall and winter, and forbs and grass in the spring
(Smith and Doell, 1968; Muchmore, 1969). Most of the allotments pre-
sently have fall, winter, and spring cattle use, which overlaps the
period when deer are in the area. Since low precipitation often pro-
hibits fall grass growth, the cattle consume a considerable amount of
browse. However, in areas that sustain livestock, deer, and small
mammal use concurrently, it is difficult to attribute a percentage of
utilization to each species. The browse plants most likely to be
involved in deer- livestock competition are bitterbrush (Purshia spp. ),
deerbrush (Ceanothus sjd. ), big sage (Artemesia tridentata), cliff rose
( Cowan i a spp.), and four-wing saltbush (Atrip! ex canescens) (BLM Range
Inventory Studies, 1976).
Forbs are important in deer diets, especially in spring and summer
(Kufeld et al . , 1973). When cattle stay on public land through spring
in many areas, they selectively prefer early green-up of forbs and
utilize them heavily. This conflict is more important to the small
resident herds on public land than to those deer that only winter in the
area, since the resident deer have to depend on the forbs remaining
after the cattle move off. However, the wintering deer still utilize
the early forbs before they move to summer range.
The allotments on the west side of the Virgin River Planning Unit
that are most important to deer in terms of fall, winter, and/or spring
range (Floyd Coles 1976: personal communication) are:
Cougar Canyon Minera Wash
Big Mountain Wide Canyon
Dagget Flat Sand Wash
2-44
WILDLIFE
Bull Mountain Diamond Valley
Desert Inn Gunlock
Jackson Wash Twin Peaks
According to DWR, deer stay on most of these areas at least 6
months and on a few, such as Dagget Flat, for as long as 8 months.
Although deer numbers are now lower than they were a decade ago, Herd
Unit 61-C is thought to be increasing and between 2,000 and 2,500 head
now winter in the area of these allotments. Some winter use in the
western portion of the planning unit is suspected from deer that are
resident in Nevada.
There are several allotments on the east side of the planning unit
that are important as deer winter range. The following are critical to
Herd Unit 58 (DWR 1977):
LaVerkin Creek Lamoreaux
Smith and Hurricane Mesas Red Butte
Toquerville Coal Pits
Rock Spring Virgin
Black Canyon Dalton Wash
Mountain Dell North Grafton
The allotments in the vicinity of Zion National Park and Kolob
Mountain receive particularly heavy winter deer use. Most of these deer
tend to remain in the park during the hunting season, and therefore, are
not subject to harvest. The dryland wheat farms on Hurricane and Smith
Mesas furnish substantial winter forage for the deer, but they also use
public land for cover and browsing, as evidenced by BLM transects run in
these areas. The major browse species (cliffrose and bitterbrush)
receive heavy use and are generally in poor vigor.
The Pintura seeding, which has had no livestock grazing for several
years, shows extremely heavy fall, winter, and spring use by deer
(Appendix XI). There is a high density of pellet groups, a mown appear-
ance to the grass and severe hedging of many browse plants.
The northeast portion of the Virgin Allotment and the northern
portion of the Red Cliffs Allotment are both important deer wintering
2-45
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
areas (Floyd Coles 1976: personal communication). Red Cliffs borders
the Dixie National Forest where the deer summer. The private fields
near Leeds and the Virgin Allotment draw the deer down into the area
during the winter and spring.
In addition to the migrant deer herds in Washington County, there
are several small resident populations. Little Creek Mountain, Hurri-
cane Fault and Short Creek Allotments together support approximately 75
to 100 head of deer yearlong (DWR 1977: personal communication). There
is no evidence of competition for browse between deer and cattle on
these allotments. Desert bitterbrush (Purshia glandulosa), which is
scattered over Little Creek Mountain, shows very little use.
There are about 100 to 150 deer inhabiting the Gooseberry and
Grafton areas where there appears to be adequate food and cover (DWR
1977: personal communication). Santa Clara Creek, Land Hill, Boomer
Hill, Curly Hollow and Apex Slope Allotments also support a total of 50
to 75 deer. Although the exact number is unknown, a small population of
deer is located on the Beaver Dam Slope including Welcome Spring, Snow's
Ranch, Bulldog Canyon and Cedar Wash Areas. Deer also inhabit the
entire length of the Virgin River and the Santa Clara River, but numbers
are small, not believed to exceed 20 head in any one group, or 100
total .
Bighorn Sheep. Two areas in the Virgin River Planning Unit have
been identified as suitable bighorn sheep habitat (fig. 2-15) and DWR
has agreed with BLM to transplant bighorns into these areas as soon as
sufficient stock is available, probably in 4 or 5 years. The exact
number has not yet been determined; it will depend on the surplus avail-
able from Zion National Park.
Red Mountain presently has no livestock grazing, and the northern
Beaver Dam Mountains are too rough and steep for livestock use. The
present forage condition in these two areas appears to be good.
Other Mammals. There are numerous other species of mammals in-
habiting the Hot Desert area. Some of these are generally associated
with the various soil and vegetative types. Others like rodents, jack-
2-46
WILDLIFE
rabbits and cottontails are common throughout the area, occurring in
most vegetative types at some time during the year.
The Beaver Dam Mountains are an effective barrier to many small
mammals. For this reason, species occur here that are not found else-
where in Utah, as is the case for some reptiles. This mountain range
also represents the dividing line between the Colorado Plateau and the
Basin and Range Provinces. Several local races of small mammals are
found in the St. George Basin, which differ from those found on the west
slope of the Beaver Dam Mountains.
Carnivores, such as coyotes, foxes, skunks, and cougars are more
mobile and, therefore, are not directly dependent on either soil or
vegetation.
Riparian zones are extremely important to desert wildlife, includ-
ing deer, predators, small mammals, and birds. In general, riparian
habitats can be expected to have higher productivity of all species,
both vertebrates and invertebrates. Herbaceous plants associated with
riparian communities are a valuable source of food. Woody plants pro-
vide cover and nest sites and reduce water temperatures, making these
areas important to mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Water,
which is limited in the Hot Desert, is also available to wildlife in
these zones. Where riparian areas are heavily grazed and in poor condi-
tion, the remaining cover and food for wildlife is still greater than
that in much of the surrounding area. Figure 2-6 shows the location of
these important areas.
Game Birds
Gambel 's Quail. The most important game bird in the Hot Desert
area in terms of hunter days and hunter dollars is the Gambel 's quail
(Lophortyx gambel ii). The birds are found in a variety of habitats,
from pi nyon- juniper to creosote-bursage communities, but almost always
in association with abundant cover along large dry washes. The mixed
shrub vegetative type is the most heavily used by the quail, but large
washes in other types, except dense pi nyon- juniper, produce some quail.
Desert almond (Prunus fasciculatus) is the preferred cover species. It
2-4'
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
occurs along the margins of the larger washes and may influence quail
abundance and distribution in southwestern Utah (Nish, 1964). Figure
2-15 shows general quail distribution in the Hot Desert area. Riparian
areas, particularly along the Virgin River, Santa Clara Creek, Leed's
Creek, and Quail Creek, are especially important to the quail. Appendix
XI shows present quail habitat condition.
The east and west slopes of the Beaver Dam Mountains were the site
of an intensive quail study by Nish (1964). Quail numbers each year
appear to be a result of precipitation since this influences the yearly
supply of succulent green vegetation upon which the birds depend. Over
half (53.3 percent) of the total volume of crops analyzed in the Nish
study contained succulent foods while seeds represented the next most
utilized food (40 percent). Filaree (Erodium cicutarium) and dwarf
milkvetch (Astragalus nuttallianus) were the most important foods in
terms of volume, with spurge (Euphorbia albomarginata), desert almond,
Cryptantha sp. , and desert willow (Chilopsis linearis) contributing
lesser amounts to the quail diet.
The presence of water influences quail density, but it is not
positive whether this is a result of concentration or actual increased
abundance. It seems probable that quail could be lured into presumed
suitable areas not presently occupied by quail. Also, better utiliza-
tion of presently occupied areas could conceivably be accomplished by
proper distribution of water. The effect of water development is rela-
tively insignificant though, as far as maintaining good hunting is
concerned (Nish, 1964).
Mourning dove. Mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) occur throughout
the Hot Desert area, except in dense pi nyon- juniper stands. Food is
seldom a limiting factor to dove numbers because they are mobile and can
utilize a wide variety of seeds (BLM Manual, 1970). They are, however,
more abundant in wetter years when the crop of annuals is better. This
is due to better production and a shift in concentration.
In arid areas such as the Hot Desert, water determines the distri-
bution of doves. Doves will use practically any source of water but
2-48
WILDLIFE
prefer shallow edges of ponds and streams which are free of vegetation.
For this reason, doves make heavy use of guzzlers, bird ramps, and
similar devices which make the water more accessible (BLM Manual 6-22,
1970).
Waterfowl . The Virgin River is an especially important area for
waterfowl during migration and in the winter, but there are also a few
birds that breed along the river and are yearlong residents. Almost all
of the river bottom lands are not BLM-administered and, therefore, not
affected by BLM grazing procedures. The same applies to Gunlock and
Baker Reservoirs, which also receive considerable use by waterfowl, but
very little shoreline is controlled by BLM.
There is some migratory and summer use made of stock ponds and
impoundments throughout the Hot Desert area. Little Creek Mountain has
several such ponds where waterfowl can often be observed during the
spring, summer, and fall, and there have been a few broods reared on
these ponds. The shorelines, however, are practically devoid of any
vegetation due to heavy cattle grazing and trampling in the winter
months and cover for waterfowl is limited. Cattle tend to concentrate
close to the ponds, especially in the spring when it warms up, and
consequently vegetation cannot become established until the pasture is
rested.
There are also some impoundments along the upper Beaver Dam Wash,
both on private and public lands, which are used by waterfowl. These
areas do not receive heavy cattle use and the bank vegetation has become
better established.
Nongame Birds and Raptors. There are 257 kinds of birds, representing
three different biomes and all seasonal categories and degrees of abund-
ance, known to occur in the Hot Desert region. This area is the
northern limit of several species, 15 of which are found nowhere else in
Utah. These include the Black Hawk, Gilded Flicker, Vermillion Fly-
catcher, Hooded Oriole, and others (Behle, 1976).
Riparian areas are important to nongame birds and raptors, not only
from a food and cover standpoint, but also for nest sites. Some raptors
2-49
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
utilize the larger trees for this purpose and the smaller birds use the
lower shrubs and grasses for cover while nesting on the ground.
Reptiles. Besides being the extreme northeastern limit of the desert
tortoise, the southwestern corner of Washington County is also the
habitat of a number of other endemic reptiles, some of which occur only
in this southwestern corner of the State. These include the desert
night lizard the Mojave rattlesnake, the southwestern speckled rattle-
snake, the sidewinder, the desert glossy snake, the western blind snake,
the gila monster, the desert iguana, and the banded gecko. The Beaver
Dam Mountains, particularly the west slope, are considered critical in
the distribution of these reptiles in Utah (Barnum, 1972).
Other species, such as the Sonora lyre snake, the western ground
snake, the western patch- nosed snake, the zebra- tailed lizard, and the
chuckwalla are confined in Utah to the extreme southern portion of the
State.
Desert Tortoise. The Beaver Dam Slope area represents the extreme
northeastern limit of the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii (fig.
2-15). Small disjunct populations, believed to be released captives,
inhabit three areas north of St. George, but the Beaver Dam Mountains
have formed an effective barrier to the normal northward range of the
tortoise (fig. 2-16). The tortoise range extends into southern Nevada,
southern California, Arizona and Mexico. The status of the desert
tortoise has not been as firmly established in these other states as it
has been for the rapidly declining Utah population, which received
protection status in 1971. However, California, Nevada, and Arizona now
recognize the tortoise as a protected species.
The first comprehensive study of the tortoise in the Beaver Dam
Slope area was conducted by Woodbury and Hardy during the 1930s and
early 1940s; results were published in 1948. Some tortoises marked in
that study are still living in the same area. This is the oldest marked
population of tortoises, and possibly the oldest marked population of
vertebrates in the United States. This fact gives this population
considerable scientific significance.
2-50
-*^-..
» *-
'** „
rr'<
\ • *'~ ' 'tor
■ »* * . £
* ' - ■ t
5
Desert Tortoise
Figure 2-16
WILDLIFE
2-51
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
The most significant findings from Woodbury and Hardy (1948),
insofar as the proposed action is concerned, covered the vegetative
composition of the area and the food habits of the tortoise, both of
which show differences from the present situation. In looking at the
Woodbury- Hardy vegetative information, a decrease in many of the desir-
able species is apparent. For example, bush muhly, Muhlenbergia porteri ,
was referred to as being "common", and it was also noted that "Indian
ricegrass, Oryzopsis hymenoides, is common in certain small areas." In
the spring of 1976, Dr. Ross Hardy returned to the tortoise area with
BLM biologists, and remarked that he "could easily see the decline of
muhly since the 1940s."
In another study by Hardy (1945), vegetative transects in this area
placed winterfat, Eurotia lanata, as the second most abundant shrub, at
a density of 545 plants per acre. Brigham tea (Ephedra nevadensis) was
next with 254 plants per acre.
A range survey conducted by BLM in the early 1960s (ocular recon-
naissance method) and verified in 1976 showed only a trace of Indian
ricegrass, and bush muhly only made up about 1 percent of the composi-
tion in all transects except one, where it was 8 percent. This 8 per-
cent of bush muhly was in a steep canyon with productive soils and more
inaccessible to cattle, which might explain its greater abundance.
Also, Ephedra nevadensis was only 1 to 2 percent of the composi-
tion, except for the same steep canyon transect where it was 5 percent.
The same is true for Eurotia lanata, which was 5 percent on one tran-
sect, but only a trace or 1 percent on the others.
The results of this survey were rechecked in 1976 by BLM during AMP
preparation and found to be comparable with the original survey. Al-
though the methods and intensities of inventory used by Hardy and BLM
are not the same, the two provide a comparison which generally indicates
a decrease in the relative abundance of these species since Hardy's
time.
Historically, heavy sheep use in the spring and cattle use in the
winter have contributed to the decrease in desirable forage species.
2-52
WILDLIFE
Woodbury and Hardy (1948) reported that the annual plant cover would
frequently be denuded by grazing and trampling, and often almost the
only annuals and grasses remaining would be those growing about the base
of and up through the perennial shrubs and cacti. Sheep only use the
area to trail through, but during that short period, they make a signi-
ficant impact on the vegetation by trampling and foraging. Coombs (Eric
Coombs 1976: personal communication), feels this is detrimental to the
tortoise. Cattle also make heavy use of the annuals in the spring; this
heavy use results in competition with the tortoise. In drier years when
annuals are less abundant, this competition becomes more pronounced.
The following is an excerpt from the Woodbury-Hardy study (1948):
The lush carpet of annuals that usually fills
up the spaces between the bushes in early spring and
sometimes in fall offer a great variety of green
succulent vegetation, probably rich in vitamins,
when it is available. It is normally limited to a
30- to 40-day period in spring and in fall but when
the sheep herds sweep the carpet clean the tortoise
access to the fresh green vegetation is limited to a
few days.
The mesquite grass which grows up through many
of the bushes and which the sheep do not decimate
seems to be the chief source of food for the tor-
toises. Being protected by the bushes and not
particularly palatable to sheep, it grows up and
dries in place and often persists during the drouth
periods.
(Explanatory note: The mesquite grass referred to above by Woodbury and
Hardy is now known as bush muhly, or Muhlenbergia porteri. )
Through direct observation and fecal analysis, Coombs (1977) deter-
mined that the chief foods of the tortoise diet are filaree, E rod i urn
cicutarium, and red brome, Bromus rubens. Coombs also indicates by
direct observation that bush muhly is still the most preferred species
in terms of availability and relative occurrence in the diet. The
percentage of availability of bush muhly is so low that the tortoises do
not encounter it often enough for it to be a major food item. In
2-53
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
contrast, red brome, to which Coombs assigns a very low preference makes
up the second highest percentage of the diet. Obviously, the animals
have had to adapt their food habits to what is now available in order to
survive (Woodbury and Hardy, 1948). Appendix XI shows the present
condition of tortoise habitat in the Hot Desert.
Some ecologists have suggested that the tortoise needs native
plants for adequate nutrition and often claim that exotic and/or annual
plants are inferior foods (Hansen et al., 1976). In Hansen's study
foxtail brome and filaree, exotic annuals, made up 85 percent of the
diets of Utah tortoises. This is compared to two other areas, Grand
Wash Cliffs above Lake Mead, and the New Water Mountains in Arizona,
where perennial grasses and grasslikes made up 31 percent and 80 percent
of the tortoise diets, respectively. Both of these areas are not used
for livestock grazing.
Fecal analysis indicates a high degree of dietary overlap between
tortoises and cattle in the Beaver Dam Slope (BLM, 1976). The major
annuals on the slope, Bromus and E rod i urn, constitute a very similar
percentage of each animal's diet in three different study areas (table
2-9). This data was interpreted from one collection of samples that
represent various seasons. The Beaver Dam Well area, where, according
to this analysis, tortoises have the most diverse diet and least dietary
overlap with cattle, is also the area of greatest tortoise reproduction
on the slope (Coombs, 1977).
The most important time for the tortoises in terms of nutrition is
the spring. They are returning from months of winter hibernation during
which they utilized stored fat, and they need the new green vegetation
to replace these reserves. Annuals are important because they are
usually the first vegetation to greenup in the spring (Coombs, 1976).
Perennial grasses such as bush muhly are important to the tortoises for
several reasons (Coombs, 1977). They remain succulent longer so they
are still available after the annuals dry up. Late spring rains are
more likely to cause a response in perennials, not possible to early
maturing annuals. There is little opportunity for the tortoise to drink
2-54
WILDLIFE
Woodbury- Hardy
42.53
52.79
Welcome Wash
48.90
50.97
Beaver Dam Well
31.84
33.29
TABLE 2-9
Percent of Bromus and Erodium in Diets and Diet Similarity
Diet Similarity
Study Area Cattle Tortoise (% of Overlap)
40.6
38.5
33.9
Source: Bureau of Land Management, 1976. Fecal Analysis Data. Ex-
tracted from study prepared by Colorado State University. Cedar City
District Office, Cedar City, Utah.
water and it must depend upon the water obtained in its food to supply
its needs. The supply comes mainly from the succulent vegetation in
spring and fall, which is also the chief source of food from which fat
is stored for hibernation (Woodbury and Hardy, 1948). Unless these
supplies are adequate, the tortoises will enter hibernation in a weak-
ened condition; a dry spring the following year will greatly reduce
their chances for survival through the summer.
Availability of the plant species must also be considered. The
grasses, particularly bush muhly, may be more abundant in places such as
steep slopes or rocky hillsides, but it is not likely that tortoises
will utilize them because of their low mobility. Also, in those places
where bush muhly has been grazed to the point that it is only found in
the very centers of shrubs, it can be considered mainly unavailable to
the tortoises.
Tortoises possess home ranges that they frequent on a regular basis
for several years or seasons. The size depends on the sex and age of
the animal, with the females and small individuals having the smallest
2-55
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
home ranges and the large males having the largest. The size varies
anywhere from under 1 acre for very small tortoises up to 1 square mile
or more. Large male tortoises may also defend territories, although
insufficient data exists to prove this (Kristin Berry 1976: personal
communication).
There were an estimated 2,000 tortoises on the Beaver Dam Slope in
the 1940s (Coombs, 1974). According to Hardy (1976), there was a theo-
retical population of 318 tortoises within a 1,200-acre study area
alone, or about 150 tortoises per square mile. Present population
levels are thought to be at an all-time low with only 400 to 500 animals
remaining in the entire 50-square mile Beaver Dam Slope area (Eric
Coombs 1976: personal communication).
Approximately 150 tortoises inhabit the Paradise Canyon area north
of St. George (fig. 2-15). This is essentially an ungrazed box canyon.
This tortoise population has an estimated 28 percent young and shows
good reproduction and a healthy adult sex ratio, in extreme contrast to
the native population.
The two other areas that support tortoises, thought to be released
captives, are ungrazed Snow Canyon State Park, where a few have been
sighted, and a 5-square mile area north of St. George where an estimated
100 to 200 tortoises live. This latter population also shows good
reproduction (Coombs, 1976).
There have been numerous reasons offered for the decline of the
tortoise in the Beaver Dam area. Overcol lection by tourists and com-
mercial establishments, predation, and habitat deterioration through
grazing are the reasons that receive the most attention. Hardy (1976)
cites the third reason, along with den destruction and loss of forage,
as continuing problems. Coombs (1977) also includes predation by coy-
otes and kit foxes as another reason for declining numbers.
One cause of mortality, often mentioned when discussing tortoise
conflicts with livestock, is the trampling and crushing of tortoises,
especially young ones, by cattle. Although this does undoubtedly occur,
the extent has not been determined. The population seems to be at such
2-56
WILDLIFE
a low level now that any loss of an individual, whether by predator,
human collection, trampling, or whatever, is significant.
To further complicate the problem of such low numbers, Coombs
(1977) discovered a complete reversal of the sex ratio found by Woodbury
and Hardy. They reported a ratio of 36 percent males and 64 percent
females, compared to the 70 percent males and 30 percent females re-
ported by Coombs. This is especially significant since the tortoise is
a polygamous species and its population should have more females than
males.
One reason for this unusual sex ratio is that females are more
vulnerable to collection, since they remain near the dens, which are
easily accessible, longer in the spring to lay their eggs (Coombs,
1974). Also, since the females are burdened with egg production, which
exhausts their fat reserves in the spring, any lack of forage would have
a greater impact on reproducing adult females than on males (Kristin
Berry 1976: personal communication). Competition with livestock for
forage therefore could be a cause of differential sex mortality.
According to Coombs (1974), the most serious point to be made
concerning the tortoises on the Beaver Dam Slope is that it is a declin-
ing population characterized by a majority of older adults and very few
young. This varient in age structure cannot be attributed to collec-
tion, since collecting would more likely impact the adults who are the
more mobile and obvious members of the population. Removal of the
larger tortoises would have a depressing effect on the sub-adult and
adult- age classes, and favor an age structure different than that now
existing in the population (Kristin Berry 1976: personal communication).
As evidenced by the difference in mortality and reproductive rates
determined by Coombs (1977), the present density is too low and there is
not enough reproduction to even maintain the population. While there
are no definitive data to determine the relationship between nutrition
and reproduction in this particular population, such a relationship has
been documented for an ecologically similar species, the chuckwalla
(Berry, 1974), and other desert reptiles and amphibians (Brown, 1968,
2-57
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
Fitch, 1970). Coombs (1974) has noticed a difference in reproduction
between wet and dry years, leading to the assumption that tortoises
respond to insufficient forage by reducing or halting reproduction.
Kristin Berry (1976: personal communication), states that the amount
and availability of winter and spring forage may offer the key to suc-
cessful reproduction of the tortoise.
Threatened or Endangered Species
Peregrine Falcon. The only terrestrial species, officially listed
as threatened or endangered, that occurs in the Hot Desert area is the
peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). It is listed as a "rare permanent
resident" by Wauer and Carter (1965) but migrants also occasionally
occur. Its probable distribution in Washington County is shown on
figure 2-15 (Porter and White, 1973).
At present there is one known active nest in this region but it
does not occur on public land; the major hunting area of the falcon is
also not within the ES boundaries, although they may occasionally hunt
on the subject lands (Henry McCutchen 1976: personal communication).
2-58
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES
Introduction. All of the environmental statement (ES) area is within
the Virgin River Drainage of the lower Colorado River Basin. The major
portion of the headwaters arise in the Pink Cliffs portion of the Marka-
gunt Plateau, with branches from the Paunsaugunt Plateau. Two major
forks, the North Fork and East Fork, join in eastern Washington County
to form the Virgin River, which travels through Utah, Arizona, and
Nevada before emptying into Lake Mead (fig. 2-17).
Three geological areas contribute to the drainage: the Colorado
Plateau, the southern portion of the Great Salt Lake Basin, and the
northern extension of the Sonoran Desert. Because of the variation in
origin, there is wide fluctuation in the amount and quality of water
entering the Virgin River system. Most of the tributaries are inter-
mittent. Flows tend to fluctuate widely, with low flow in late summer
and early fall, and highest average flows in April and May. All chan-
nels suffer from occasional severe flooding from intense thunderstorms
of short duration July through September.
Water Supply. Water comes from precipitation, surface flow, and ground-
water. Losses are due to agricultural, domestic, and industrial uses
evaporation, surface and subsurface outflow. Water supply in the ES
area depends upon surface and subsurface flow entering from adjacent
areas. Appendix XIV describes the sources of water for the St. George
area and the method used for calculating recharge rates, prepared by
Cordova et al., (U.S. Geological Survey report, 1972). Similar methods
were used to develop estimates for water supply and loss for the ES area
as a whole. A summary of miles of drainages in the ES area can be found
in table 2-10.
Groundwater. Groundwater comes from consolidated and unconsoli-
dated aquifers. Supply is highly variable in quantity and quality as a
result of differences in source. Most of the groundwater recharge is
from neighboring areas, with direction of flow into the ES area essen-
tially duplicating the surface flow patterns. Estimates of groundwater
recharge for the ES area are:
2-59
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
Supply Acre-Feet
Precipitation recharge 116,000
Surface-flow infiltration 19,000
Subsurface inflow 27,000
TOTAL 162,000
Surface Water. An estimated total of about 190,000 acre-feet per
year enters the ES area as shown in table 2-11. A large part of this
surface inflow comes from the Virgin River, Santa Clara River, Ash
Creek, and LaVerkin Creek. In addition, 42,786 acre-feet of water per
year flow from springs, seeps, and drains, based upon water rights
applications. This estimate (best available) is probably high since
water right applications traditionally reflect an amount in excess of
the usable water available. Surface water is diverted for irrigation;
however, limited storage capacities and low river flows reduce the
ability to utilize much more than 60,000 acre- feet of water per year.
If inflow from both surface and groundwater and all water produced
in the ES were available for use, the following water supplies would be
available:
Source Acre-feet
Surface flow 233,456
Subsurface flow 162,000
TOTAL 395,456
Water Utilization. In such an arid climate, water is usually a limiting
factor in domestic, industrial, and agricultural development. The
demand for water is indicated by the number and volume of water rights
on file with the State Engineer's Office in Cedar City. Water alloca-
tions total over 560,000 acre-feet in the Virgin River drainage (unpub-
lished data, Southern Utah State College, 1976). Water allocations
greatly exceed the average available water supply. All of the ES area
is closed to further water application with the exception of a 5,000-
acre triangular area formed by the Virgin River, Arizona State line, and
the Hurricane Fault and a 5,000-acre area near the Beaver Dam Mountains.
2-60
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+J
•i—
ro
rd
5
4-
0)
CD
CD
rd X2
2-62
TABLE 2-11
Surface Flow
Drainage
Area
(square
miles)
Maximum
Flow
Minimum
Flow
Mean
Flow
Stream
(ft3/s)a (ft3/s)a (ft3/s)'
Average
Annual
Flow
(acre-feet)
Average
Annual
Flow
(inches)
Source: Adapted from Cordova et al., (USGS, 1*)72), Utah State Engineer.
^ft.'t/s - cubic foot per second.
Estimate.
North Fork Virgin River
350
7,000
20
99.5
72,090
3.775
Near Springdale
East Fork Virgin River
74
202
7.2
19.4
14,060
Near Glendale
Virgin River
934
22,800
40
201
145,600
2.59
At Virgin
Virgin River
1,530
20,100
41
220
159,400
Near Hurricane
Virgin River
3,820
13,800
92,200
0.49
Near St. George
Virgin River
5,090
35,200
34
226
163,700
At Littlefield, Arizona
Atkinville Wash
68
1,650
5,180
15,000
0
0
Fort Pierce Wash
2,000(E)b
3.5 miles southeast St
. George
Leeds Creek
15.5
412
1.1
6.94
5,030
Near Leeds
Cottonwood Wash
43
6,440
0
Tributary Leeds Creek
LaVerkin Creek
3,100(E)b
Coalpits Wash
20.8
8,350
0
1 mile above mouth
Ash Creek and LaVerkin
6,473
Creeks, at mouths
Ash Creek
7,560
Near New Harmony
Ash Creek
190
275
7.6
35.4
2,561
Near Toquerville
South Ash Creek
11
202
0.64
6.82
4,940
Below Mill Creek
Santa Clara River
18.7
397
0.6
9.2
6,670
4.75
Near Pine Valley
Santa Clara River
97
1,450
1.2
16.9
12,240
2.35
Near Central
Santa Clara River
280
455
1.1
21.5
15,580
At Gunlock
Santa Clara River
338
1,750
0.53
21
15,210
0.9
Above Winsor Oam
Santa Clara River
300
489
0
17.35
12,543
Below Winsor Dam
Santa Clara River
410
1,980
0
20.8
15,070
Near Santa Clara
Santa Clara River
502
24,000
0.9
Near St. George
Moody Wash
33
720
0
2.83
2,050
Near Veyo
2-63
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
Some estimates are available for current water uses. About 60,000
acre-feet are required annually for irrigation of cropland (see Fish-
eries for related impacts), 30 acre-feet for livestock on Federal land,
and about 11,000 acre-feet used for domestic water supply (Utah Division
of Water Resources, 1976).
In 1972, BLM personnel estimated current and future water needs on
public land (Appendix XV). These estimates indicate about 1,500 acre-
feet are needed on public land at the present time, with a projected
rise to about 1,600 acre-feet by the year 2000.
Water Quality. Quality of subsurface water depends upon the geologic
formation it flows through. Dissolved solids range from about 100 parts
per million (ppm) to over 6,000 ppm. The lowest levels of dissolved
solids are found in unconsolidated formations, with the highest occurr-
ing in water from shales and other formations of marine origin.
Surface water quality reflects the geological formation from which
it originates. All surface water quality is modified as the streams
flow through the ES area. Much of the change is the result of natural
erosion. Because of low vegetative densities, steep gradients and
unstable substrates, natural erosion levels are high. Bureau of Recla-
mation estimates indicate that 1.8 acre-feet of sediments per square
mile are contributed to the Virgin River above the town of Virgin; below
the town of Virgin, the figure is 1.2 acre-feet per square mile per
year. Sediments contributed by erosion also increase salinities and
concentrations of metals and trace elements.
One major source of salinities is LaVerkin Springs, located near
the town of Hurricane in the Virgin River, which adds over 100,000 tons
of dissolved solids per year to the river.
Human activities, particularly irrigation, livestock raising, and
domestic use, increase levels of contaminants in the water. Most of
these additions are from areas not covered by the allotments. No
studies are available to indicate the impacts of grazing on public lands
on the quality of waters. General water quality studies are available
for the ES area, with most of the information recorded from the Virgin
and Santa Clara Rivers.
2-64
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES
Sediments, dissolved solids, coliform bacteria, cadmium, selenium,
iron, and manganese have been commonly found to exceed water quality
standards adopted by the State of Utah.
In addition to chemical data, water quality is shown through col-
lections of macroinvertebrates. Because of the length of their life-
cycle, macroinvertebrate populations often better express the quality of
a stream than does the water quality sample. In a stream with high
stress, such as from silts, wide temperature ranges, or pollutants, the
number of taxa, (types of organisms) declines, as shown by the diversity
index, and the amount of material present (the biomass), declines. For
example, the diversity in the Virgin River above LaVerkin Springs is
2.24 and the biomass 52 grams per square meter (g/m2); below LaVerkin
Springs, the values drop to a diversity of 0.72 and a biomass of 0.2
g/m2. For streams in the ES area, most have low values of biomass and
diversity. Diversities range from about 1.5 to 3, and biomass from 0.2
g/m2 to 20 g/m2. Lowest values were from the Virgin River below La-
Verkin Springs, from Moody Wash, and East Fork Beaver Dam Wash below
Goldstrike. Highest diversity values were from the Upper Santa Clara
River, North Creek and upper LaVerkin Creek near the Park boundary.
These areas are characteristically less disturbed from natural and human
activities and have less fluctuation in parameters that affect water
quality.
Fisheries. There are no fisheries' surveys that document the condition
of fisheries' habitat and populations prior to extensive settlement and
development of the Hot Desert ES area. However, Deacon and Minckley
(1974) state that the native fauna of rivers in arid regions is gener-
ally limited as a result of long periods of variable geologic and cli-
matic conditions that impose extreme variability on the streams them-
selves. Thus, the native fishes in the ES area (Virgin River drainage)
are adapted to widely fluctuating conditions caused by extreme varia-
tions in stream discharge and stream sediment loads (Cross, 1975).
According to Cross (1975): "Settlement of the Virgin River Basin
by Caucasian man has produced physical, chemical, and biological
2-65
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
alterations that have been more or less deleterious to the native fauna.
The effects of these alterations have resulted in the decline and/or
disappearance of native populations from many areas within the Virgin
River drainage."
Fisheries Habitat. The fisheries' habitat on public lands in the Hot
Desert ES area consists of a few small perennial streams. In this arid
environment, this habitat is closely related to and directly dependent
on condition and vigor of riparian vegetation growing along the stream
border (Kennedy 1977). These close relationships are most adequately
considered simultaneously.
Figure 2-6 shows the streams within the Hot Desert ES area that
contain fisheries habitat in some or all of their reaches. Table 2-10
shows the mileage of stream fisheries' habitat and condition of asso-
ciated riparian vegetation on public lands administered by BLM. Exist-
ing conditions range from excellent to poor. However, the majority of
the existing habitat is low quality (fair and poor rating) compared to
its biological potential.
To form the basis for an impact analysis, some background infor-
mation on typical habitat characteristics and their interrelationships
needs to be briefly discussed.
Streamside riparian vegetation provides soil (bank) stability.
Water-seeking roots bind the soil together and the above-ground vegeta-
tive growth slows down flood waters, catches eroding silt and provides a
concentration of water-flows within the stream channel. Slowing of
flood waters greatly reduces stream bank erosion, which reduces stream
si Itation (Otis, 1974).
Overhanging branches and grasses in the water provide natural
nesting, feeding, and breeding areas for terrestrial and land-stage
aquatic insects that appear in the diet of stream fish. This overhang-
ing vegetation also offers excellent fish hiding places (Otis, 1974).
Boussu (1954) and Platts and Rountree (1972) consider the most bene-
ficial characteristics of streamside vegetation to be the cover it
furnishes to aquatic organisms, stabilizing stream banks and overhanging
shrubs, thereby providing hiding places for fish.
2-66
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES
Streamside riparian vegetation also serves to buffer light penetra-
tion and water temperatures on small streams (Minckley, 1963). Many
studies have shown that extensive removal of riparian cover can ser-
iously increase water temperature (Tebo, 1974). Leaves of streamside
plants provide shade during the hot summer period, which reduces light
levels and water temperatures. The leaves, twigs, and other organic
vegetative material that fall into small streams are a major source of
energy to these ecosystems (Hynes, 1970; McConnell, 1968).
Thus, we find in the literature that streams are often energy
dependent upon the riparian vegetation and the watershed. Likens and
Bormann (1974) have demonstrated the nutrient linkages between streams
and watersheds. They state clearly that the key to wise management of
aquatic ecosystems is wise management of watershed.
Species and Populations. Seven families and 25 species of fishes have
been reported within the Virgin River Basin; of these, 20 species have
been found in the ES area (table 2-12). Only 6 of these 20 species are
native fishes. The remaining 14 species were introduced either acci-
dently or for sporting or food purposes. Little data are available from
the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources on their relative abundance or
populations trends within the Hot Desert ES area.
Endangered and Potentially Sensitive Species. The woundfin (Plagop-
terous argentissimus), officially listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service as endangered, is known to occur in the Virgin River from La-
Verkin Springs, Utah downstream to Lake Mead, Nevada and in the lower
portions of LaVerkin Creek (Cross, 1975). A recovery team, formed by
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, has prepared a draft recovery plan,
which contains proposed management recommendations for the woundfin.
Under this plan, there would be a prohibition on modification of desig-
nated critical habitat and a plan for monitoring of habitat and popula-
tion levels. In addition, the plan contains a recommendation to maxi-
mize Federal ownership of habitat lands.
Three fishes could have the potential to be considered as sensi-
tive, according to criteria set forth in BLM Manual 6840. The first
2-67
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
species, Virgin River roundtail chub (Gila robusta seminuda) is being
proposed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for listing as an endan-
gered species. This species has declined the most severely of any
native species in the Virgin River system. It is found in the Virgin
River from Littlefield, Arizona to LaVerkin Springs (Cross, 1975).
The second species, Virgin River spinedace (Lepidomeda mollispinis
mollispinis), is included by the State of Utah in its list of fishes
that are protected from harvest. The spinedace is found in the main-
stream of the Virgin River, lower drainage of Leeds Creek, Ash Creek,
North and East Forks of the Virgin River, upper Santa Clara drainage,
East Fork of Beaver Dam Wash, in the West Fork of Beaver Dam Wash near
the State line, and in the mouth of the Beaver Dam Wash (Cross, 1975;
Armantrout, 1977).
The third fish, Utah cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki Utah), is not
currently in a protected status, but is being studied by State and
Federal agencies and the scientific community for protection. Although
this species is thought to have been introduced into the Santa Clara
River in the mid-1800s, no record of this species has been found
recently within the Hot Desert area. Therefore, this species will not
be discussed further in this statement.
2-68
TABLE 2-12
List of Species and Their Classification Status in the Hot Desert ES
Area
Species
Introduced
Native (Exotic) Nongame Game Endangered Sensitive
Species Species Species Species Species Species
Rainbow trout,
Salmo gairdneri
Brook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis
Brown trout
Salmo trutta
Speckled dace,
Thinichtys osculus
Golden shiner
Notemiconus crysoleucas
Roundtail chub,
Gila robusta seminuda
Redside shiner,
Richardsonius balteatus
hydrophlox
Red shiner
Notropis lutrensis
Spinedace, Virgin River,
Lepidomeda mollinspinis
moll ispims
Woundfin,
Plagopterus argentissimus
Flannelmouth sucker,
Catostomus latpininnis
Gila (desert sucker),
Pantosieus clarki
Black bullhead
Ictalurus me las
Mosguito fish
Gambusia affinis
Largemouth bass,
Hicropterus salmoides
Green sunfish
Chaenobryttus cyanellus
Bluegill,
Lepomis macrohirus
Threadfin shad,
Do ro soma pretenense
Crappie,
Poxomis sp.
Goldfish,
Carassius auratus
2-69
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
CULTURAL RESOURCES
Cultural resources, in the broadest sense, include any trace of
human activity from the earliest human experience to the present time.
However, in this report, cultural resources will only consider antiq-
uities, or sites and artifacts that have existed 50 years or more. A
site is defined as a physical, on-the-ground location where there is
evidence of past human activity. Sites consist of any combination of
artifacts (objects showing human usage or manipulation), and features
(areas such as structures, fire pits, or rock art panels that also
evidence human activity but are not actually objects, as such). Sites
and artifacts can be either historic or prehistoric. All antiquities
constitute a fragile and nonrenewable resource, i.e., human history.
Cultural resource data for Washington County were derived from
existing publications and site forms, and a 1-percent random stratified
sample of the project area conducted by BLM personnel in 1976.
This 1-percent survey initiated by BLM was built upon a stratified
random sample of quarter sections on public land. The strata were
vegetative zones, derived from existing overlays. There were eight
vegetative zones: mountain shrub, pinyon-juniper, creosote, Joshua
tree, big sage, desert shrub, blackbrush, and grass. One percent of the
acreage of each vegetative type was surveyed. This survey was conducted
to detect trends in the types and density of sites to be found in the
different vegetative zones on public land, and to aid in management
decisions.
The prime objective of the Hot Desert survey was to determine
trends in aboriginal occupation of public land in Washington County. It
is believed that this survey is adequate to project these trends and be
of use as a predictive tool within recognized limits. Actual numbers of
sites cannot be justifiably predicted; however, site density within
categories (example, four to twelve sites per square mile) can be reli-
ably discerned, as well as types of sites likely within certain vegeta-
tive zones. Table 2-13 shows the site distributions by vegetative type.
2-70
CULTURAL RESOURCES
TABLE 2-13
Hot Desert Survey Site Distributions, Virgin River Planning Unit
Vegetative
Type
Quarry
Flaking
Station
Rock
Shelter
Camp-
site
Hab
ti
ita-
on
Historic
TOTALS
Big Sage
0
17
0
3
1
0
21
Pi nyon- Juniper
3
13
1
6
7
0
30
Desert Shrub
4
14
0
1
0
0
19
Blackbrush
_g
6
1
2
0
2
11
TOTAL
7
50
2
12
8
2
81
Source: BLM, 1976.
Figure 2-18 shows the recorded archaeological sites within the Hot
Desert area. Figure 2-19 indicates the projected archaeological site
density for the area. A tabulated list of the known 184 sites in the
area, including the type of site (flaking station, petroglyphs, etc.)
and the cultural affiliation can be found at the BLM Cedar City District
Office.
The majority of known sites are from the Virgin-Kayenta Anasazi
culture. The general pattern exhibited by the date of the BLM survey is
that habitation sites increased in number, variety and complexity east-
ward toward the Virgin River (Wikle, 1976). There seems to have been a
primary utilization of the western portion of the Hot Desert by the
hunting-gathering people and of the eastern side by the sedentary agri-
cultural people.
The Honeymoon Trail, which crosses the Hot Desert, has been nom-
inated for the National Register of Historic Sites. Fort Pierce,
another historic site occurring in the area, is on both the National and
Utah State Registers. The Dominguez-Escalante Trail, which probably
generates the most interest of any historic site in the project area,
has been marked at all points where it crosses public land. Figure 2-18
shows the historic sites and trails.
2-71
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
LAND USE
Introduction. The land ownership pattern within the boundaries of the
Hot Desert ES area consists of approximately 69 percent public lands, 10
percent States of Utah and Arizona, and 21 percent private (table 2-14).
Included within the 551,849 acres of public land are 15,391 acres in
Arizona. An additional 720 acres of Forest Service land are included in
the Allotment Management Plans for the area.
TABLE 2-14
Land Ownership and Agricultural Use
Acres Percent of Total
Ownership
Public lands 551,399 69
State 79,708 10
Private 163,334 21
Total 794,441 100
Agriculture Acres
Farmland
Irrigated 32,400
Dryland 27,618
Total 60,018
Source: Hurricane and Beaver Dam Unit Resource Analysis, 1972.
Note: Land Status computation dated January 12, 1977 from the proposed
action.
aIncludes Arizona allotments; excludes four allotments to be managed by
Arizona Strip District and one by Beaver River Resource Area.
2-72
LAND USE
Activities on the State and private land relate directly to and
affect national resource land. The major towns within the ES boundary
are growing and expanding. Isolated tracts of public land within or
close to towns are becoming increasingly valuable for development poten-
tial, open space and recreational uses. Applications for land trans-
actions such as patents for public purposes and for sale of public land
indicate local interest. In step with this expansion, land uses (such
as for transmission lines, pipelines, water wells, sporting events,
scientific research, and exploratory drilling), which require rights-
of-way or Special Land Use Permits are increasing.
Plans, Controls, and Constraints. Land use in the Hot Desert is
affected by the plans and policies of Federal and state agencies. The
following discussion describes the more important programs of other
agencies and their relation to land use.
Federal Agencies
Bureau of Land Management. The Bureau of Land Management has
the responsibility to administer public lands under the principles of
multiple use (Public Law 94-579, Federal Land Policy and Management Act
of 1976). The Virgin River Management Framework Plan (MFP) provides
controls and constraints on various land uses in this ES area.
The Land Use Planning section of Chapter 1 explained how the MFP is
used as a guideline and resolves conflicts between resource recommenda-
tions for land use as they pertain to the proposed action.
Approximately 43,000 acres of land in the Hot Desert area, included
in areas withdrawn by the Bureau of Reclamation, are administered by
BLM. Application for revocation of the withdrawn lands has been made.
Soil Conservation Service (SCS). In 1968, SCS received
approval for the Warner Draw Watershed Plan for part of Washington
County, Utah, under PL-566, the Watershed Protection and Flood Preven-
tion Act. Two projects remain to be completed by SCS: the enlargement
of the Frog Hollow Retention Structure and a series of flood retention
structures north of the City of St. George. Preliminary work has begun
on the Frog Hollow structure with some work being scheduled to be done
2-73
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
on the project north of St. George within the near future (Dee Potter
1976: personal communication).
The SCS assists livestock operators in formulating ranch management
plans. The plans are based upon the carrying capacity of the private
land involved, in conjunction with Federal, State, and private leases
and permits.
State Agencies
States of Utah and Arizona. The State of Utah has jurisdic-
tion over State-owned lands. The State can acquire land by exchange or
state selection (Sections 2275 and 2276 of the Revised Statutes of the
Act of August 27, 1958 as amended). Some sections have been identified
and chosen for exchange or selection between the State and BLM; the
process has not yet been completed (Lowell Johnson 1976: personal
communication).
A list of sections for selection is on file in BLM Cedar City
District Office and sections can be identified on BLM land status plats.
Interest has been indicated for additional areas but applications have
not yet been received. Four State sections in the Hot Desert area have
been identified by BLM for exchange or acquisition. Some or parts of
the sections are within grazing allotments.
There are no State and BLM land exchanges currently proposed or in
progress for those portions of Arizona that are included in this environ-
mental statement (William Lamb and Ferron Leavitt 1976: personal
communication).
Most of the Hot Desert grazing allotments contain some State-owned
lands. On these sections, the grazing privileges are usually leased to
ranchers for use in conjunction with their livestock operations on
public land. The leases are for a 10-year term. Range projects such as
water improvements or seeding can be executed by the lessee within the
lease boundaries (Lowell Johnson 1976: personal communication).
Utah State Parks and Recreation Division. Grazing is allowed
within the confines of Dixie State Park except in the Snow Canyon area.
The other State park in the ES area is Gunlock which has no grazing.
2-74
LAND USE
There are no plans to enlarge either park (Marvin Jensen 1976: personal
communication).
Division of Wildlife Resources. Utah DWR owns approximately 2,440
acres of land in the Virgin River Planning Unit. The Division has
requested BLM to consider an exchange of this property for public land
in Beaver County, Utah (S.M. Clark and Floyd Coles 1976: personal
communication).
Land Use. Traditionally, the Hot Desert area supports a variety of
different land uses. The scenery is interesting and diverse and
recreation- type activities are an important land use. Agricultural
activities in the Hot Desert area are centered around farming and live-
stock grazing. The area is well serviced by a broad transportation
network which is centered around highway travel. The following discus-
sion describes these land uses in more detail.
Recreation. The recreational resources found on public land in the
Hot Desert area are extensive and recreational activities occur on a
broad land base, rather than on intensive and site-oriented areas.
Important recreational uses include: hunting for mule deer and quail;
viewing mule deer from the major roadways; viewing Joshua trees, barrel
cactus, and yucca; using off-road vehicles on Sand Mountain; and visit-
ing Red Mountain and LaVerkin Creek areas.
During the 5-year period from 1971 through 1975, an annual average
of 8,381 hunter days and a harvest of 963 mule deer were attributable to
public land. Hunting for Gambel's quail on public land in 1975
accounted for 5,428 hunter days and a harvest of 4,438 birds. Washing-
ton County as a whole, provided 8,135 hunter days and a harvest of 6,440
quail in 1975. This amounted to 23 percent of the total hunter days and
48 percent of the harvest for the entire State (Utah Division of Wild-
life Resources, 1975 Big Game Harvest Report, Pub. No. 76-6).
Sightseeing is an important recreational activity in the area.
Highway travelers viewing mule deer regard this as a valued experience.
Fewer people purposely seek the opportunity to view interesting desert
plants as they do for deer. However, the unique species seen in this
2-75
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
region have significant botanical sightseeing value. The Joshua Tree
Natural Landmark area on the south end of the Beaver Dam Mountains is
protected for several reasons, one of which is to preserve interesting
desert plants in their native setting.
In 1976, approximately 6,400 visitors used the off-road-vehicle
sites in the Sand Mountain area. Although rarely visited, Red Mountain
is an 8,500-acre region of sharply eroded red rock cliffs and ruggedly
sculptured terrain essentially untouched by modern man. The top of Red
Mountain has the potential for wilderness value study. The proposed
designation of recreational lands in the LaVerkin Creek area (see Land
Use Chapter 1) would complement recreational use in adjacent Zion
National Park.
Visual Resources. In order to evaluate and objectively quantify
the scenic resource, BLM has developed the Visual Resource Management
(VRM) system. This system was used to establish the VRM classes illus-
trated in figure 2-20.
Classification involves evaluation of scenic quality, visual sensi-
tivity and visibility. These three factors are used to determine the
visual resource management class for an area. Areas are also assigned
one of five possible visual management classes; for each class there is
a different management objective defined in terms of visual tolerance to
surface disturbance. Management objectives for each class are described
as follows:
Class I. This class provides primarily for natural ecological
changes only and is applied to primitive areas, some natural areas, and
other similar areas where management activities are to be restricted.
Class II. Changes in any of the basic landscape elements, form,
line, color or texture should not be evident in the management activity.
Class III. Changes in the basic elements, (form, line, color or
texture) may be evident in the management activity. However, the
changes should remain subordinate to the visual strength of the existing
character.
2-76
LAND USE
Class IV. Changes may subordinate the original composition and
character but must reflect what could be a natural occurrence within the
characteristic landscape.
Class V. Change is needed. This class applies to areas where the
naturalistic character has been disturbed to a point where rehabilita-
tion is needed to bring it back into character with the surrounding
countryside.
From the major roads in the Hot Desert region there are numerous
distant scenic views of cliff lines, mountainous areas, and mesas (fig.
2-21). Scattered stands of pi nyon- juniper create an interesting visual
texture typical of much of the higher-elevation landscapes in this area.
Evidence of livestock management in the form of fencelines, pastures,
and chained areas are common, with grazing livestock often being viewed
as a reminder of a pleasant, simple, rural lifestyle.
Wilderness. The Wilderness Act, Public Law 88-577 and the Federal
Land Policy Management Act, Public Law 94-579, define and identify
wilderness areas primarily as areas of land over 5,000 acres in size,
where the evidence of man's activity is almost nonexistent, where
natural conditions dominate, and where there are outstanding opportun-
ities for solitude and unconfined recreation.
Although public land in the Hot Desert area has not been inven-
toried for wilderness value at this time, it is anticipated that up to
50 percent of the area in nine sections as shown in figure 2-22, will be
seriously studied for wilderness potential. This estimate is based on a
preliminary review of the Cedar City District Transportation Plan and
available data on existing developments. It is expected delays in
implementation of the proposed action could result from the required
wilderness review and inventory process.
Agriculture (nongrazing). Agriculture in Washington County con-
sists of both irrigated and dryland farming in addition to livestock
grazing. Irrigated crops are primarily alfalfa, small grains, some
sugar beets and potatoes, fruits, and nuts. The principal dryland crop
is wheat, and some small grains.
2-77
Pine Valley Mountains
Figure 2-21
VISUAL RESOURCES
2-78
s
3
« L
2
2
s
fe g
3
5
U. <
a. uj
1 ':■'■' |s: +T'C^ T;^f-^.|'i;"
i in ■ — Bwwnin
"v
C. / ^ /\i
<Sw'
2-79
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
Irrigation in Washington County continues almost year-round, but
the major periods are late February through late October. Planting of
crops is also virtually year-round with January being the month of the
least activity (Don Huber 1976: personal communication).
Livestock Grazing
General Information. Historically, livestock production was
the livelihood of the residents of Washington County. Today, however,
only a small portion of the population is so engaged.
Currently, the Virgin River Planning Unit has 84 allotments being
used by 108 permittees. Three scales of operation have been identified
(Beck, 1976): 63 small operations have 1 to 50 head of livestock; 35
medium-scale operators have herds of 50 to 125 head; 10 large operators
each have over 125 head of livestock. A more detailed description of
these three scales of operation may be found in the Socioeconomic
section.
Most permittees utilize public land in conjunction with national
forests, private, and State lands in order to conduct a year-round
operation. Of the 84 allotments, 11 are grazed year-round by livestock.
The average grazing season over the entire Virgin River Planning unit is
5 months long.
A typical operation used by most of the licensees includes grazing
on public land range during the winter-spring season (October to May)
followed by a move to higher summer pastures either on national forest
or private lands under control by the permittee. Public land would be
used again the following fall for the start of another grazing season.
A few operators utilize higher-elevation public land range for
summer grazing, usually June to October. These areas are located adja-
cent to the Dixie National Forest on the west side of the unit and near
Zion National Park on the east side. The number of AUMs from public
land licensed to a permittee is determined as a percentage of his base
property qualifications (i.e., the AUMs the operator has available from
the base property he either owns or controls). There are 28,905 AUMs
Base Property Qualifications available in the Virgin River Planning
Unit.
2-80
LAND USE
Three permittees in the planning unit are licensed for sheep use.
The largest permit is for 700 sheep, while the smallest is for 300. One
allotment is used entirely by sheep; on the other two allotments, sheep
and cattle are run together.
One allotment (Pace Knoll) has had grazing use terminated since
1967 when the available forage was assigned to wildlife. Figure 2-23
(located in the pocket on the inside back cover) shows the location of
the existing allotments in the unit.
There are 6 permittees licensed for horses. These horses are used
in conjunction with livestock operations and are run in common with the
permittee's cattle. Size of the permits range from 2 to 9 head.
A summary of present livestock use on the Virgin River Planning
Unit is shown on table 2-15.
Forage utilization is highly dependent on livestock distribution.
Topography, water and salt locations directly control forage use.
Currently, much of the Virgin River Planning Unit is in poor livestock
forage production. Annual forage is extensively used. Because of the
limiting distribution factors, some livestock forage is underutilized.
Production Characteristics. Washington County permittees
generally have cow-calf operations. Semidesert ranges are better suited
for producing calves than for putting weight on yearlings, because
semidesert forage produces rapid weight gains only during the growing
season. Income per animal unit is usually less for cow-yearling produc-
tion than for cow-calf production (Paulsen, 1975).
Many of the operators trail their livestock to the different ranges.
Others truck their livestock and maintain that it is economically feas-
ible to do so.
Top beef production depends on proper husbandry of good quality
animals. From information obtained by contact with permittees during
1975 and 1976 during the course of the Hot Desert AMP-ES preparation,
most have not maximized production in this respect. Most of the per-
mittees run their bulls with their cows yearlong. Poor calf crops with
low and highly variable calf weights are generally prevalent. Cows
2-81
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
calve year round, limiting operator stability. Very few of the oper-
ators test their cows and heifers for pregnancy.
Culling does not seem to be uniformly controlled. Procedures are
primarily controlled by forage and cow condition. As a general rule,
very poor production records are maintained.
These breeding, culling, and recording characteristics reveal the
management intensity, and as a result, the very poor economic returns to
the management.
Transportation Networks. The main transportation artery of the
area is Interstate 15 between Salt Lake City, Utah and Los Angeles,
California, which dissects north-south through the county. Intermediate
State and county roads service the population centers. The remainder of
the county is crossed by county, private, and BLM roads, many of which
are not regularly maintained and are usually unimproved.
Bus services are provided by Greyhound and Continental Trailways
bus lines.
There is no railroad system servicing the county. Cedar City
offers the closest rail freight service.
Most livestock are trucked to market. The largest market in the
immediate area is at Cedar City, although some livestock are shipped via
contract carriers to markets in surrounding states. Hay and other
supplementary feed are also trucked in from outside areas.
2-82
TABLE 2-15
Existing Livestock Management
Bas(
5 Property
Season
Public
QuaV
ifications
Allotment
Land
(AUMs)
Livestock
of Use
Alger Hollow
Alger Hollow
8,800
734
158C
11-5
Diamond Valley
1,730
80
40C
10-11
Wide Canyon
6,250
284
44C
11-5
Sand Wash
7,000
212
30C
YL
Apex Slope
Apex Slope
5,879
366
1,130$
12-2
4-4
Beaver Dam Slope
Santa Clara/
Beaver Dam Slope
Indian Springs
Castle Cliffs
35,030
21,400
12,060
Big Mountain
Big Mountain
9,126
Boomer Hill
Boomer Hill
Cove Wash
940
3,387
Boot Spring
Boot Spring
2,118
Bull Mountain
Bull Mountain
14,519
Central
Central
2,920
Coalpits and Fault
Coalpits
2,525
Fault
785
Cougar Canyon
Cougar Canyon
9,150
Season of use - use
YL = Yearlong
1,547
1,150
614
490
56
100
100
373
366
166
54
120
to the nearest whole month.
533C 11-5
489C 12-5
HOC 11-5
100C 5-10
28C
40C
3-5
23C 12-5
3-5
3H 12-9
78C
59C 10-5
55C 10-12
5-5
29C 12-4
20C 5-9
4H
(continued)
2-83
TABLE 2-15 (continued)
Allotment
Public
Land
Base Property
Qualifications
(AUMs)
Livestock
Season
of Use
Curly Hollow
Curly Hollow
22,972
1,362
232C
11-5
Dagget Flat
Dagget Flat
4,127
309
81C
6-9
Desert Inn
Desert Inn
36,983
1,584
463C
YL
Dome
Dome
Warner Valley
2,188
880
186
159
HOC
37C
11-2
4-5
12-5
Fort Pierce
Fort Pierce, UT
Fort Pierce, AZ
Spendlove
9,209
13,818
7,654
845
384
810
129C
32C
120C
11-5
YL
10-5
Gooseberry
Gooseberry
4,440
256
45C
11-5
Grafton
Grafton
7,258
448
100C
300S
11-5
Gunlock
Gunlock
6,334
490
96C
10-5
Herd House
Herd House
2,870
140
40C
1-4
Hurricane
Hurricane
2,070
122
58C
10-5
Hurricane Fault
Eagle
Terrace
Frog Hollow
Workman Wash
Gould
Gould Ranches
1,595
4,358
2,605
1,988
8,300
580
63
396
323
272
633
68
14C
42C
55C
35C
88C
9H
10-5
YL
10-5
10-5
10-5
10-5
■Season of use - use to the nearest whole month.
Custodial management included in intensive management allotments.
YL = Yearlong (continued)
2-84
TABLE 2-15 (continued)
Allotment
Public
Land
Base Property
Qualifications
(AUMs)
Livestock
Season
of Use
Hurricane Mesa
Hurricane Mesa
6,811
225
98C
YL
Jackson Wash
Jackson Wash
28,680
1,682
296C
11-5
Land Hill
Land Hill
1,030
60
15C
2-5
Little Creek
Little Creek
14,595
641
130C
YL
Mesa
Mesa
2,580
90
30C
8-4
Minera Wash
Minera Wash
4,637
255
90C
3-5
Red Cliffs
Red Cliffs
Silver Reef
Leeds
10,144
1,170
2,643
554
80
148
250C
20C
42C
1-5
1-5
12-5
Sand Mountain
Sand Mountain
Spring
Sand
Sand Mountain
1,930
5,155
14,000
240
504
1,556
38C
70C
247C
10-5
10-5
10-5
Sandstone Mountain
Sandstone Mountain
2,531
114
38C
3-5
Santa Clara Creek
Santa Clara Creek
3,038
117
51C
10-12
2-5
Scarecrow Peak
Catclaw
Terry
Beaver Dam Wash
Snow Holding Pasture
3,410
10,350
26,862
3,995
228
529
1,489
83C
146C
296C
1-5
11-4
11-5
^Season of use - use to the nearest whole month.
Custodial management included in intensive management allotments.
YL = Yearlong (continued)
2-85
TABLE 2-15 (continued)
Allotment
Public
Land
Base Property
Qualifications
(AUMs)
Livestock
Season
of Use
Short Creek
Canaan Gap
Canyon
Short Creek
2,616
581
1,983
228
60
228
95C
10C
32C
12-5
YL
YL
Smith Mesa
Smith Mesa
1,940
144
46C
YL
Toquerville
Pintura
Ash Creek
LaVerkin
Toquerville
2,481
1,839
2,021
4,734
90
88
68
146
23C
25C
14C
50C
1-5
2-5
12-5
1-5
Trail
Trail
3,220
240
650S
28C
12-5
Twin Peaks
Twin Peaks
28,836
1,428
256C
YL
Veyo
Veyo
8,056
342
88C
11-5
Virgin
Virgin
4,890
183
46C
11-12
4-5
Mountain Dell
1,600
68
18C
1-5
Warner Ridge
Warner Ridge
1,884
64
40C
2-5
Washington
Washington
9,765
248
88C
10-4
White Dome
White Dome
2,507
35
46C
10-5
SUB TOTAL
505,862
27,834
^Season of use - use to the nearest whole month.
Custodial management included in intensive management allotments.
YL = Yearlong (continued)
2-86
TABLE 2-15 (continued)
Public
Base Property
Qualifications
Season
Allotment
Land
(AUMs)
Livestock
of Use
CUSTODIAL
Airport
Airport
147
9
6H
10-5
Black Canyon
Black Canyon
600
15
5C
3-9
Box Canyon
Box Canyon
659
48
19C
3-5
Cinder Mountain
Cinder Mountain
2,240
154
147C
10-5
Dal ton Wash
Dal ton Wash
855
33
20C
11-5
Lamoreaux
Lamoreaux
160
55
200C
5-10
Little Plain
Little Plain
930
60
15C
11-2
North Grafton0
North Grafton
500
31
10C
2-4
Red Butte
Red Butte
894
126
30C
YL
Rock Spring
Rock Spring
820
85
125C
6-10
Sand Hills
Sand Hills
992
110
50C
12-5
Sand Wash Reservoir
Sand Cove 640 41 12C 10-5
bSeason of use - use to the nearest whole month.
cCustodial management included in intensive management allotments.
North Grafton - formerly a part of Grafton Allotment.
YL = Yearlong (continued)
2-87
TABLE 2-15 (concluded)
Allotment
Public
Land
Base Property
Qualifications
(AUMs)
Livestock
Season
of Use
Stout
Stout
235
19
10C
10-5
Yellow Knolls
Yellow Knolls
SUB TOTAL
525
10,197
123
909
15C
5H
10-5
ELIMINATION
LaVerkin Creek
LaVerkin Creek
10,716
99
36C
3-6
Pace Knoll
Pace Knoll
1,885
NA
NA
NA
Pintura Seeding
Pintura
904
63
41C
4-5
SUB TOTAL
13,505
162
TOTAL
529,564
28,905
.Season of use - use to the nearest whole month.
Custodial management included in intensive management allotments.
.North Grafton - formerly a part of Grafton Allotment.
Pintura Seeding - formerly a part of Pintura Allotment.
YL = Yearlong
2-88
SOCIOECONOMICS
SOCIOECONOMICS
Introduction. The scope of social and economic analysis is limited to
Washington County, the area of anticipated impact. Historically, this
county has been directly dependent upon agriculture, especially the
livestock industry; however, this has changed toward industrialization
over the past 20 years. The trends of change can be seen in the
increase in retirement-related facilities, subdivision of farmsteads,
and the general lack of development of agriculture as compared to other
economic sectors.
Regional Economy
Population. The population of Washington County is approximately
17,600; most of these people live in the immediate St. George-Hurricane
area. Population increase for Washington County, between 1960 and 1970
was 33 percent, which is substantially higher than the 19 percent
increase over the entire state. Washington County has 1.5 percent
minorities. The county has equally numbered rural and urban populations.
Appendix XVI illustrates the general population characteristics for the
county.
Employment. The 1974 employment for the county was estimated at
5,273, with an unemployment rate of 6.6 percent. Appendix XVII reflects
the employment sectors in the county. Trade and government supplies
over 47 percent of total employment. Approximately 8 percent of the
total employment is directly associated with agriculture, either as farm
proprietors or wage and salary. Of those associated with agricultural
production, 49 percent claim it as their principal occupation (1974
Census of Agriculture).
Personal Income. Total personal income in Washington County was
over $33 million in 1973. Farm personal income accounted for 14 percent
of the total personal income in the county (Appendix XVII).
General Information. In 1974, Washington County had 257 farms that
supplied 10,706 cattle and calves (72 percent of all farms) and 52 farms
selling 1,185 sheep and lambs. Inventories for cattle and calves were
2-89
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
19,925, sheep and lambs, 1,653. The number of cattle increased 6.7
percent from 1969 to 1974. Sheep inventories have declined, as noted
nationally, at a rate of 23.2 percent for that period of time. Ninety-
nine percent of the farms were operated by full or part owners, 87.6
percent of the farms having sales over $2,500 were individually or
family controlled. The average age of the farm operator is 55.8 years
(1974 Census of Agriculture).
Ranch Operations Utilizing Public Land. The BLM currently sells
forage to 108 livestock operators who run livestock in Washington County.
The 1974 Census of Agriculture reports that 162 farms in the county
produced beef, therefore, over two- thirds of the livestock operators
depend on public land for part of their forage requirements. Livestock
operators are authorized to use 28,905 AUMs of forage in accordance with
their base property qualifications (BPQ). Many of these individuals,
however, do not stock at the level established in their BPQ. Only 68
percent of the BPQ was used in 1976.
Most livestock operations are marginal in net income and many
permittees have other sources of employment. The total direct net
income from public land is estimated to be $39,800 annually. Although
this figure is small, very few operations could exist without public
land forage. The poor economic conditions are a result of continued
erratic market returns and increased costs reflected in most livestock
operations in the western states. With the exception of 1973, the
industry in Utah has had very low market prices (1950 and 1975 calf
averages are identical). Appendix XVIII illustrates the instability in
market returns for recent years in Utah.
During the past 40 years, permits to graze the public lands have
taken on values greater than the fees charged (Roberts and Topham,
1965). Ranches have changed hands and public grazing permits have been
sold along with the other ranching assets. Permit waivers have been
given to lending agencies as collateral. The Internal Revenue Service
and the Department of Defense have acknowledged the capital value of
public land grazing privileges. Recent permit sales indicate the
2-90
SOCIOECONOMICS
capital value of BLM permits in Washington County ranges from $7 to $13
per AUM. The total capital value for permits in the county is estimated
to be $255,300 (Appendix XIX).
The BLM does not officially recognize capitalized value of grazing
permits because the permits are revokable and they do not convey a
leasehold interest. However, the private sector does recognize capital-
ized value. The banking and lending agencies, Internal Revenue Service,
and the permittees fully realize capitalized value of the permit.
Therefore, in line with full disclosure requirements of NEPA, capital-
ized value is included in the analysis of the socioeconomic section of
this statement.
TABLE 2-16
Operator Economic Summary, 1973 through 1975
Small0
Operator
Medium
Operator
Large
Operator
Number of operators
63
35
10
Total Federal AUMsb
6,718
12,911
9,275
Average gross income per AUM
$ 9.99
$ 11.71
$ 10.24
Average gross income trend
Declining
Declining
Declining
Average cost per AUM
$ 8.70
$ 9.60
$ 8.46c
Average cost trend
Increasing
Increasing
Unstable
Average net income per AUM
$ 1.33
$ 2.11
$ 2.77c
Average net income trend
Declining
Declining
Unstable
Total net income
$ 6,394.64
$ 20,675.05
$12,761.39
Average capital value/AUMe
$ 8.66
$ 9.60
$ 8.46
Total capital value
$56,723.00
$120,136.32
$78,466.50
^Small operators keep very few records; figures shown represent estimates
Base property qualifications - maximum carrying capacity. Actual use
may be lower.
■Includes returns to operator.
^Appendix XXII.
Average cost method (Roberts and Topham, 1965).
2-91
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
Based on a recent economic study of Washington County permittees
(Beck, 1976), the 108 livestock operators can be divided into three
scales of operation: small (average of 20 head), medium (average of 105
head), and large (average of 288 head). Table 2-16 presents a summary of
this study with additional data supplied. The following is a brief
discussion of the three scales of operations:
Small Operations. The 63 small operations utilizing public
land represent the largest percentage of the operations (58 percent);
however, they control the least amount of the BPQ (23 percent). Small
operators generally keep limited records, therefore, economic analysis
is limited. The average gross income was estimated to be $9.99 per AUM.
Income declined for the 3-year study period and costs increased to $8.66
per AUM leaving a declining net income of $1.33 per AUM. Only in 1973
were net incomes positive (table 2-17). The small-scale operations
generate $6,395 in public land annual livestock income. The total
capital value of their permits is $56,723.
Many livestock operators in this scale feel that livestock grazing
is only a hobby. As a result, nearly all have limited management inten-
sity and do not closely follow market and range conditions or trends.
All of these individuals must have an alternate source of income.
Medium Operation. The medium scale operations (35) control 45
percent of the BPQ. Generally, these individuals keep more accurate
production records. The average gross income per AUM ($11.71) is higher
than that of the smaller operation, revealing a greater management
intensity. Costs are higher ($9.60) and the average net income ($2.11)
is considerably higher. Positive returns have occurred only once in the
3-year period (table 2-18). The net income from this scale is $20,675.
The capital value is $120,136. Because of the low livestock income,
other income is also required. Several operators in the medium scale
have been forced to sell private property to maintain the operation. A
few offer rental pasture to other producers. With few exceptions, these
individuals hold other jobs.
2-92
TABLE 2«
-17
Income and Expenses for the 1
Werage Small Operation
3-Year
1973
1974
1975
Average
INCOME
Calf sales
$3,560
$1,861
$1,256
$2,226
Cull sales
200
156
156
171
GROSS INCOME
$3,760
$2,017
$1,412
$2,397
EXPENSES
Feed
$ 59
$ 69
$ 75
$ 68
Grazing fees
41
53
53
48
Veterinary
53
63
68
61
Machine repairs
273
322
350
315
Fuel and oil
312
368
400
360
Irrigation assessment
300
300
300
300
Taxes
372
385
401
386
Insurance
156
184
200
180
Depreciation
360
360
360
360
TOTAL EXPENSES
$1,926
$2,104
$2,207
$2,078
NET INCOME
$1,834.00
$(87.00) $(795.00)
$319.00
NET INCOME PER COW
$ 91.70
$ (4.35) $ (39.75)
$ 15.95
NET INCOME PER AUM
$ 7.64
$ (.36) $ (3.31)
$ 1.33
AVERAGE COST PER COW
$ 96.30
$105.20
$ 110.35
$103.90
AVERAGE COST PER AUM
$ 8.03
$ 8.77
$ 9.20
$ 8.66
AVERAGE NUMBER OF COWS
20
Note: Small operators keep very few records; figures shown represent
their estimates.
2-93
TABLE 2-18
Income and Expenses for the Average Medium Operation
3-Year
1973
1974
1975
Average
INCOME
Calf and yearling
$17,042
$ 8,751
$ 8,618
$11,470
sales
Cull sales
2,192
1,927
1,551
1,890
Pasture rent
1,198
1,426
1,551
1,392
GROSS INCOME
$20,432
$12,104
$11,720
$14,752
EXPENSES
Feed
$ 1,898
$ 2,013
$ 2,064
$ 1,992
Grazing fees
940
1,106
1,302
1,116
Veterinary
57
42
41
47
Hired labor
1,406
958
921
1,095
Taxes
1,453
1,489
1,609
1,517
Insurance
134
288
307
243
Interest
416
735
508
553
Depreciation
2,327
2,327
2,324
2,326
Other fixed expenses
3,022
3,268
3,314
3,201
TOTAL EXPENSES
$11,653
$ 2,226
$12,390
$12,090
NET INCOME
$ 8,779.00 $(122.00) $(670.00)
$2,662.00
NET INCOME PER COW
$ 83.
61 $ (1.16) $ (6.38)
$ 25.35
NET INCOME PER AUM
$ 6.
97 $ (0.1) $ (0.53)
$ 2.11
AVERAGE COST PER COW
$ 110.
98 $ 116.
44 $ 118.00
$ 115.14
AVERAGE COST PER AUM
$ 9.
25 $ 9.
70 $ 9.83
$ 9.60
AVERAGE NUMBER OF COWS
105
Water, utilities, repairs, supplies, fuel and miscellaneous expenses.
2-94
SOCIOECONOMICS
Large Operation. The few large producers (10) utilizing
public land in Washington County control 32 percent of the BPQ forage.
Most of these individuals are dependent upon agriculture for their
income. Their economies to scale reflect the lowest costs ($8.46) and
the highest net incomes ($2.77) per AUM. Some of the operations are
incorporated and costs include salaries paid to the operator. This
scale, as with the other two, had limited returns (table 2-19). Net
incomes for this scale total $12,761. The capital value is $78,466.
These individuals have made very marginal returns and many have been
forced to sell private property or absorb losses from other agricultural
production. Most of the capital and labor comes from the family.
Public Attitudes and Values
General Information. Historically, the area was settled by Mormon
immigrants for agricultural purposes. Much of the culture is still
centered around the Mormon religion.
Generally, two separate values seem to exist in relation to the
proposed action, one related directly to the rural (ranch) population,
the other, urban. Notably, the goals and values of the area are increas-
ingly dominated by the urban sector. The following are generalizations
about these two value systems:
Rural -Ranch Values and Attitudes. The American Gallup Poll from
the late 1960s and early 1970s shows that farmers were still the most
distinctive (and usually the most conservative) segment of the popula-
tion in regard to many kinds of attitudes.
A major goal of the rural population of Washington County appears
to be maintenance of their rural atmosphere and, consequently, the ranch
as a business, home, and way of life. They see themselves as perform-
ing a useful function by providing the food vital to the population in
an environment and lifestyle they prefer. Many feel that a cattle ranch
leads to a higher status of total well being than could be achieved by
any alternative mode of making a living and way of life. Invariably,
Washington County ranchers feel that ranch ownership provides the best
place to raise children. The ranching industry is an important way of
2-95
TABLE 2-19
Income and Expenses for the Average Large Operation
1973
1974
1975
3-Year
Average
INCOME
Calf, yearling, and cull
sales
Return to operator
Other income
$39,508
3,242
5,012
$19,929
4,133
7,977
$15,394
2,400
8,595
$24,944
3,258
7,195
TOTAL INCOME
$47,762
$32,039
$26,389
$35,397
EXPENSES
Feed
Grazing fees
Veterinary
Hired labor
Livestock trucking .
Other fixed expenses
$ 1,762
2,114
108
372
727
15,976
$ 3,984
2,771
275
1,025
782
22,618
$ 2,929
3,969
201
1,417
987
15,891
$ 2,892
2,951
195
956
832
18,162
TOTAL EXPENSES
$21,059
$31,455
$25,448
$25,987
NET INCOME
$26,763.00 $584.00
$941.00 $9,406.00
NET INCOME PER COW
$ 90.
72 $ 2.03
$ 3.27 $ 32.66
NET INCOME PER AUM
$ 7.
73 $ 0.17
$ 0.27 $ 2.77
AVERAGE COST PER COWc
$ 84.
38 $123.57
$ 96.69 $ 101.55
AVERAGE COST PER AUMC
$ 7.
03 $ 10.30
$ 8.06 $ 8.46
AVERAGE NUMBER OF COWS
288
Interest and land sales.
Water, utilities, repairs, supplies, fuel taxes, insurances, interest
and other miscellaneous expenses.
Includes returns' to operator.
2-96
SOCIOECONOMICS
life and the ranchers prefer it to other occupations. In most cases in
the county, the current ranch owner is a descendent of the previous
owner, often through three and four generations. The historical bond is
a reflection of the past and conveys a tradition that is safeguarded.
In nearly all instances, Washington County ranchers intend to keep their
ranches, expect that their children will go into ranching, and, if
necessary, will seek outside sources of income for its survival.
Urban Values and Attitudes. Urban fundamentalism reflects other
views. Urbanites tend to be less traditional with very limited economic
family bonds. Sound economic returns on business operations are consid-
ered critical. Urban and rural attitudes are moving closer together;
the rural attitudes giving way to urban attitudes.
2-97
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
FUTURE ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT THE PROPOSAL
The future environment without the proposed action is based on
historical data as well as present and past trends.
Without the proposed action, it is anticipated the grazing program
will continue on the present level of administration limited by short-
ages in funding and manpower and without sufficient management planning
to stabilize the deterioration of the vegetative resource over the next
29 years (the projected maximum time frame of the proposed action, which
includes a 5-year implementation period and a 24-year period to reach
management objectives).
Without the proposed action, it will still be necessary to reduce
the livestock stocking rate from 28,905 AUMs to 19,759 AUMs as indicated
by the recent livestock forage inventory. The season of use, pastures
and present allotments will remain the same. Only watershed and soil
control structures will be built as needed.
Vegetation. Without the proposed action, there will be an increase in
unpalatable and undesirable species in plant communities. There will be
less available forage for livestock and wildlife. The livestock forage
condition will continue to decline resulting in a need to further reduce
livestock numbers periodically.
Vegetation in the heavily used areas, such as the riparian commun-
ities, will decline to a possible nonexistent state. The palatable
threatened and endangered plant species may not be rested in time to
avoid the harmful effects of livestock pressure. Even those plants not
considered palatable may suffer trampling effects.
Soils. Data collected by BLM watershed study team and SCS range site
information indicate the soil resource will continue to be lost at an
accelerated rate over most of the statement area during the next 29
years.
This will be more serious in areas around St. George and Hurricane
and south and east to the ES area boundary. At present, watershed
studies indicate that average ground cover (vegetation, litter, and
2-98
FUTURE ENVIRONMENT
rock) varies from 84 percent in the northwest to as little as 48 percent
in the southeast part of the area and this is expected to decline fur-
ther as a result of vegetative deteriorations in the future.
Wildlife
Deer. The deer herds on the west side of the planning unit seem to
be increasing with fairly good reproduction, and they may increase
regardless of grazing practices.
However, the situation on the east side, in areas such as Smith and
Hurricane Mesas, will probably worsen. The browse in some of these
areas is already in poor vigor and receiving heavy utilization by both
wildlife and livestock. Unless the livestock usage is limited through
management controls, browse production will continue to decline.
Birds. Quail habitat will be affected by a continuation of the
present system. There will be some competition for the earlier annuals,
especially in dry years, since cattle will be allowed to remain on
public land throughout the spring every year. Overall cover will
decrease as well as cover in riparian areas to the detriment of the
quail.
In areas of present heavy livestock use, such as on Little Creek
Mountain, stock ponds have been denuded of shoreline vegetation and this
has some adverse effect on waterfowl. Waterfowl still use these ponds,
even for occasional broodrearing, though not to the extent they would if
cover was abundant.
Desert Tortoise. It is very difficult to predict the future out-
look for the tortoises if the current grazing system is continued.
Since the tortoise population is declining and there will be fewer and
fewer individuals reproducing, population will probably continue to
decline. Because of their low mobility, further competition for annuals
will require additional foraging efforts and thereby increase nutri-
tional stress on the remaining tortoises. Tortoise populations in the
Woodbury study area will not be subject to nutritional stress resulting
from competition with livestock for forage.
2-99
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
Water Resources and Fishes.
Water. Water resources within the ES area would be affected in the
future if the proposed Allen-Warner energy system is developed (see
Chapter 1). The Allen-Warner energy proposal would, if implemented,
change flow patterns in the Virgin River. Flows would be reduced as a
result of an off stream reservoir located in Warner Valley. The energy
proposal would not affect other water resources in the ES area.
Water requirements on Federal lands are likely to increase by 100
acre- feet by the year 2000. No change in water quality is expected in
the ES area with the exceptions mentioned above. Water quality would
continue to decline or remain at present levels without project imple-
mentation.
Fish. The resultant decrease in water quality, will cause a de-
cline in fish habitat. Sediment yield can increase water temperatures
in the upper reaches of the streams with resulting decreases in fish
population. Fish populations in the lower stretches of the streams will
not be affected because they have generally adapted to higher sedimenta-
tion and temperatures. Fish that would be impacted would be the cold
water fish (trout) in the upper Santa Clara and the west fork Beaver Dam
Wash, although habitat is limited on public lands within the ES area.
The warmer water resulting from loss of cover could benefit other fish
(mostly native minnows) further downstream.
Riparian Areas. Without the proposed project, riparian areas could
be expected to decline further due to the continued use of streamside
vegetation by livestock. This use will result in bank sloughing, loss
of cover, increased water temperature, unmoderated flood waters, limited
no water recharge in these areas.
Land Use Plans and Controls. If the proposed action is not implemented,
very little change will be evident in the various land uses.
Livestock. As the composition of the vegetative resource changes
to less palatable and undesirable species of vegetation, livestock
numbers will decrease and production will decline. In some areas where
the browse species becomes dominant, a change in class of livestock from
cattle to sheep will possibly occur.
2-100
FUTURE ENVIRONMENT
This change could bring about a forced management system. The
livestock operator might be economically unable to keep his operation
running because of increased costs and a depleted livestock forage
supply. Since a high percentage of the small livestock operators have
marginal operations at the present time, they might be forced to sell
out to larger operators. This would reduce the number of operators but
not diminish the number of livestock proportionately. This economically
forced management system could level off the number of livestock but
continue to reduce the number of livestock operators.
Recreation. There will not be significant changes in recreational
activity in the area.
The presence of Interstate 15, Zion National Park, and various
State parks will insure continued high- volume usage in the area.
It is not expected that off- road- vehicle use will be changed except
as population increases.
Visual Resources. Although vegetative and soil resources will be
expected to decline, eventually affecting the visual resource, the
changes in 29 years will probably not be detectable.
Population growth over 29 years may change zones currently rated
medium sensitivity level to high sensitivity level zones. The low level
sensitivity zones will probably remain in the low level category due to
the undeveloped nature of the road systems.
Wilderness. The nine potential wilderness areas will eventually be
inventoried for their roadless, primitive, and natural values. Recom-
mendations will then be made indicating which zones should be classified
and protected as wilderness areas. Actual designation procedures will
involve public hearings and the writing of an environmental statement
covering any proposed wilderness designations and wilderness management
plans.
Cultural Resources. Without the proposed action, accelerated erosion
will continue to have a damaging effect on the cultural resources over
the next 29 years. To place the deterioration of the cultural resources
in proper perspective, consideration must be given to the following
causal agents in descending order of responsibility.
2-101
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
1. Relic hunters and vandals
2. Ground-disturbing activities involved with construction
3. Recent erosion accelerated by deforestation, land clearing,
and grazing
4. Natural weathering and erosion
The overall downward trend of cultural resources will continue
without the proposed action, but the increase will be more rapid as the
population increases due to human destruction of antiquities.
Socioeconomic. The county population is currently increasing at a rapid
annual rate of 5 percent (1970-1975) as more people immigrate to the
area for its favorable climate (Utah Economic and Business Review,
1976). Regardless of the implementation of the proposal this increasing
trend will continue.
Unless livestock market conditions become more equitable in the
next 29 years, the existing trends in livestock production will continue.
Those operators with unacceptable returns, both economic and social, may
leave the industry. Many of the smaller operations could sell to those
with more efficient production. Under the current market conditions,
management intensity, forage condition, and existing trends in low ranch
income are expected to continue.
Socially, the current attitudes and values should remain constant.
The general attitude of the public reflects a demand for maximum manage-
ment intensity for all their natural resources. The decline of wildlife
habitat may increase concern for more improved range conditions.
2-102
CHAPTER 3
THE PROBABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
OF THE PROPOSED ACTION
CHAPTER 3
THE PROBABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THF PROPOSED ACTION
INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes and evaluates the probable environmental
impacts of the proposed action that would significantly affect the
quality of the human environment.
The analysis of impacts presented is designed to be commensurate
with the expected magnitude, intensity, duration, and incidence of
impacts. Special consideration is given to environmental components
protected by law and other environmental aspects considered to be of
particular importance to man and his environment.
The ultimate significance of an impact depends upon its influence
on the human environment, human activities, and human values. Therefore,
the analysis of each impact has been traced from the proposed action to
man and his environment. This requires following impacts from one
environmental component to another until the ultimate significance of an
impact has been evaluated. For example, the removal of vegetation
during construction of a proposed project range development could event-
ually cause an adverse impact on recreation.
Each impact is analyzed in a cause and effect manner, and secondary
impacts are identified and pursued as far as practical.
The cause identified is tied to a component of the project proposal
(Chapter 1) and the effect identified is tied to a component of the
environment (Chapter 2). Components in Chapter 2 that are not signifi-
cantly impacted are not discussed in this chapter.
3-1
IMPACTS
ASSUMPTIONS AND ANALYSIS GUIDECINES
Impacts were assessed with reference to the existing resource
conditions. Where resource conditions would not be expected to improve
sufficiently to reverse an existing downward trend, a negative impact
was indicated. If, as a result of the proposed action, there would be a
slight improvement but conditions would still continue downward, a
negative impact was also indicated. Negative impacts were indicated
where it was expected that a positive and beneficial resource condition
would deteriorate.
Positive impacts would result where it was expected that adverse
resource conditions would improve and definitely reverse any existing
downward trends. Positive impacts were also indicated where it was
expected that a beneficial and positive resource condition would improve
over existing conditions. Positive impacts were indicated where deter-
iorating resource conditions were halted and stabilized with the
proposal.
Where resource conditions were not expected to be affected either
positively or negatively, no impact was indicated.
In the impact analysis of the Hot Desert Environmental Statement,
(ES), the following assumptions were made to determine impacts:
1. Impacts were analyzed for the implementation period of de-
velopment before implementation (1 to 5 years) and for the time frame
proposed to reach management objectives (up to 24 years);
2. Impacts of operating grazing management systems are cate-
gorized as short term (1 complete grazing cycle) or long term (more than
one cycle - through the time frame attainment of objectives). It is
recognized on those allotments where analysis indicates the objective
will not be reached in the 24-year time frame that either the objective
would never be reached, or it would be reached after a longer period.
These allotments are shown in tables 3-5 through 3-11 as allotments
negatively impacted. They are either mitigated in Chapter 4 or alter-
natives are offered in Chapter 8 to overcome the negative impact.
3-2
ASSUMPTIONS AN£> ANALYSIS GUIDELINES
Chapter 6 addresses the cumulative impacts beyond the objectives time
frame ;
3. Monitoring studies during grazing system cycles would be
completed as indicated; the grazing management plans would be followed;
4. The principal resource directly impacted by the proposed
action would be vegetation. Any changes in production, condition,
trend, and potential of vegetation would affect other resources;
5. Wildlife would continue to graze rested pastures;
6. The necessary authorizing actions (Chapter 1) would be taken
prior to implementation;
7. This analysis would address impacts generated by the proposed
action and not other factors which led to its development such as the
Management Framework Plan (MFP);
8. Socioeconomic analysis was made with the assumption that
livestock market conditions would remain contant;
9. The socioeconomic analysis assumes that capital values of
grazng permits would not change with the proposal;
10. Interim grazing management (Chapter 1) decision contained in
the Virgin River MFP would be followed.
3-3
IMPACTS
SOILS
Erosion and Infiltration. The following five factors were examined by
allotment to determine expected changes in erosion and infiltration
rates under the proposed action:
1. Changes in ground cover of vegetation and litter
2. Change in intensity of use from present situation
3. Susceptibility of soils to compaction within each allotment
4. Percent of soil in each allotment that is highly susceptible
to erosion when the protective ground cover is reduced or eliminated
5. Change in season of use from present situation
The impacts to soil erosion as influenced by these five factors are
summarized by allotment in table 3-1.
Soils that are sandy loam or finer in texture are susceptible to
compaction by livestock, but to be of more than minor significance,
grazing must occur during periods when soils are moist.
Allotments grazed during February and March at lower elevations and
those grazed in February, March, August, and September at higher eleva-
tions, are susceptible to compaction because of potential soil moisture
conditions. Appendix XXII summarizes the short-term and long-term
impacts to erosion and infiltration by allotment. Table 3-1 discusses
detailed causes and impact analysis by allotment. Table 3-2 lists
erosion and infiltration rate impacts by acreage.
The increased and decreased rates of erosion and infiltration as
shown in table 3-1 result from specific causes also noted in this table
and described above.
It is difficult to predict the actual change in the rate of sedi-
ment yield resulting from impacts to the current existing rate tabulated
for each allotment in table 2-5. Prediction can be made, however, to
whether the rates would decrease or increase from the existing condition
by looking at the specific impacts and how they would affect the factors
that influence erosion and infiltration (Appendix VI).
3-4
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3-14
SOILS
TABLE 3-2
Impacts to Erosion and Infiltration
■rosion (acres)
Change
Short Term
Long Term
Reduce
Increase
No change
Reduce
Increase
No change
328,872 493,085
182,662 27,599
18,030 8,880
Infiltration (acres)
116,641
387,995
24,928
44,877
438,228
46,459
Note: Reduced erosion and increased infiltration would be positive
impacts to the soil resource. Acreage estimates are conservative in
that they represent the minimum improvement and maximum deterioration of
the soil resource as a result of the proposed action.
Short-term impacts are considered as being less than one complete
grazing cycle and would occur upon implementation of the
proposal.
Long-term impacts are considered as occurring after one grazing
cycle through the attainment of objective time frame (24 years)
and the implementation interval (5 years).
By projecting the impact that would occur on each allotment (table
3-1) on the existing erosion potential of that allotment (table 2-5), an
indication of the impacts to soils can be predicted. The results of
this projection indicate that:
3-15
IMPACTS
Negative impact would occur on
Positive impact would occur on
No impact (no change) on
Acres of
Public Land
27,599
493,085
8,880
529,564
% of Total
Public Land
5%
93%
2%
100%
By considering these impacts in terms of existing erosion potential
(table 2-5), the following situation is predicted:
Area Having
Negative
Impacts
High potential for erosion 6%
11,893 acres
Moderate potential for 6%
erosion 13,440 acres
Slight potential for
erosion
.7%
1,065 acres
Positive
Impacts
92%
161,277 acres
91%
186,721 acres
98.7%
146,288 acres
No Change
2%
2,929
3%
5,042
.6%
909
acres
acres
acres
Appendix VI contains a description of how this prediction was made.
Although 92 percent of the soils having a high potential for ero-
sion would be positively impacted by the proposed action, the overall
effect on the reduction of sediment yield would be slight because much
of the area is subject to geologic erosion. An estimate in the range of
a 10 to 20-percent reduction could be expected. The estimate is based
on evaluating the effect of the proposed action on the many variables
that influence sediment yield. As demonstrated by the Universal Soil
Loss Equation (SCS, 1976), which is used to predict rill and sheet ero-
sion, the primary factors which influence the rate of erosion and that
can be manipulated by management would be the amount of ground cover and
the type of intense erosion control practices applied to a specific
site. Because the proposed action does not prescribe intense erosion
control practices such as contour stripping and because the most optimum
increase in ground cover expected to occur as a result of the proposal
would be up to 10 percent (Appendix II), the proposal would have little
3-16
SOILS
effect on erosion rates. Other physical factors (which cannot be influ-
enced by management) considered in the Universal Soil Loss Equation
(USLE) have a pronounced effect on sediment rates. These factors in-
clude the amount and intensity of precipitation, the inherent erodi-
bility of the soil, and the length and steepness of slopes as they
relate to sediment movement and deposition. Appendix VI contains an
explanation and sample calculation of the USLE for an area which would
typically be found in the Hot Desert. The equation illustrates the
relationships between the variables affecting soil loss from sheet and
gully erosion and the influence of management on that loss. A short-
term increase in erosion would be expected on all areas planned for
mechanical manipulation until new plants increase sufficiently in den-
sity to protect the soil from erosive forces. This is anticipated to
take a minimum of 3 years or one grazing cycle.
Soil Fertility. Since long-term soil erosion would increase on a maxi-
mum of 27,599 acres, this increased loss of soil could eventually affect
the long-term soil fertility on those areas. As ground cover and litter
decrease and soil is lost through erosion, soil fertility is eventually
reduced. Table 3-3 lists the acreages by allotment where the soil would
decrease in fertility. Soil fertility on 501,965 acres would remain
static or improve because of reduced erosion.
Proposed Projects. The locations of proposed range developments were
examined to determine effects on the soil resource. Erosion potential,
seeding suitability, soil depth, texture, and depth to bedrock were
examined to identify specific problems that could occur if the develop-
ments were implemented. Table 3-4 lists developments that have the
potential to damage the soil resource. Increased erosion from proposed
projects would be incurred on 2,280 acres and is included in tables 3-2
and 3-3. This figure includes the seeding projects only and not the
small localized acreages associated with trough impacts.
Stream Bank Erosion. Stream bank erosion would continue on portions of
the following ten allotments. Approximately 53.3 miles of stream bank
out of the total 86.5 miles on public land would be affected.
3-17
IMPACTS
Bull Mountain (8 miles)
Desert Inn (12.5 miles)
Hurricane Fault (5.25 miles)
Scarecrow Peak (6.5 miles)
Red Cliffs (5.75 mile)
Gunlock (2.5 miles)
Grafton (less than .6 mile)
Fort Pierce (3.5 miles)
Virgin (1.5 miles)
Cougar Canyon (7.25 miles)
The heavy use of these riparian areas for shade and water would
cause physical damage from compaction and caving-in of sensitive stream
bank areas. These areas are presently eroding and it is expected that
erosion would continue under the proposed action although at a lower
rate than is presently occurring.
3-11
TABLE 3-3
Maximum Acreage of Reduced Soil Fertility - Long Term
Allotment
Pasture or
Area Affected
Public Land
Acres
Alger Hollow
Apex Slope
Black Canyon
Box Canyon
Bull Mountain
Cougar Canyon
Dagget Flat
Dal ton Wash
Desert Inn
Fault
Fort Pierce
Grafton
Gunlock
Herd House
Hurricane
Hurricane Fault
Hurricane Mesa
Jackson Wash
North Grafton
Red Cliffs
Scarecrow Peak
Scarecrow Peak
Twin Peaks
Virgin
White Dome
Seeding
800
Winter Pastu'
re
2,986
All
600
All
659
Riparian
804
Riparian
261
All
4,127
All
855
Riparian
450
Custodial
785
Riparian
126
Riparian
22
Riparian
90
Custodial
480
Custodial
160
Riparian
189
Custodial
3,521
Seeding Pasture
4,730
Custodial
500
Riparian
207
Riparian
234
Snow Holding
Pasture
3,495
Seeding
480
Riparian
54
Custodial
984
TOTAL
27,599
The tabulation above includes those allotments where soils would
decrease in fertility in the long term (table 3-1) as well as the
riparian areas where erosion would increase.
3-19
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3-20
VEGETATION
VEGETATION
Introduction. Each of the proposed grazing systems was analyzed to
identify how each system would impact vegetation in relation to range
condition, apparent range trend, forage production, and potential attain-
ment of objectives. For a general description on how grazing affects
vegetation, see Appendix XXI. The impact would be caused by grazing
livestock but the degree of impact is determined by the percent of the
current growth removed, the amount of rest a plant receives during the
growing period and between grazing treatments, and the season when
plants are used and management and development practices are applied.
Impacts are identified and analyzed in relation to the existing and
future environment (Chapter 2).
Specific Impacts. Each proposed grazing allotment has a grazing system
designed for that particular allotment. Allotments with similar grazing
systems have been grouped for impact analyses. Each analysis of the
different grazing systems has the same format. Typical impacts are
described at the top of the impact table. Specific analyses follow for
each allotment and existing resource conditions are compared to the
typical situation. In order to compare impacts and differentiate the
magnitude of each impact between allotments, a scale of comparison was
developed (Appendix XXII) to indicate the existing (20,767 AUMs) and
potential (27,926 AUMs) of livestock forage production for each allot-
ment. The following is a discussion of the analysis by grazing system:
Three-Pasture System That Incorporates a Rest Period. There are 25
allotments with a total of 378,857 acres of public land proposed to be
managed under grazing systems that incorporate at least a 1-year rest
period as a primary treatment. The vegetation analyses is divided into
two categories: 3-pasture systems and 2-pasture systems. The 10,962
acres and 428 AUMs proposed for 1-pasture systems are included in the
analyses of 3-pasture systems because the effect of rest on vegetation
is similar. Table 3-5 summarizes impacts anticipated for these allot-
ments. Of the 25 allotments, 23 are expected to show a positive result
3-21
IMPACTS
with livestock forage condition, apparent trend, and forage production
all improving, and it is expected that an increase in forage production
would occur.
Dagget Flat and Jackson Wash Allotments are expected to show nega-
tive results because of the heavy livestock use on one of the pastures.
Anticipated use would be over 90 percent of the current year's growth of
the palatable species which would be double the proper grazing rate when
grazed. A 2,000-acre seeding is proposed for Jackson Wash Allotment.
Available soils data indicates this seeding would not be entirely suc-
cessful on 1,000 acres. Because successful and unsuccessful seedings
are found in the surrounding area, a soil analysis in greater detail is
needed. The analysis in table 3-5 shows that if the seeding would not
be successful, an imbalance in grazing capacity would occur in the
Jackson Wash Allotment. The Dagget Flat AMP allows cattle to drift from
one pasture to another allowing for utilization of two pastures at the
same time for part of the use period. This is a common practice and
generally improves forage utilization. However, in this situation, it
is anticipated that cattle would concentrate in one pasture with exist-
ing seedings and then remain to graze the green regrowth. Because of
this, anticipated use would be over 90 percent of the current year's
growth of the palatable species, which would be nearly double the proper
grazing level of utilization.
Six allotments involving 110,442 acres would not be expected to
reach the potential production in the proposed time frame because of the
heavy grazing use, poor vigor, and low density of desirable forage
species. Objectives would be accomplished after the time frame on four
of these allotments. Dagget Flat and Jackson Wash would not reach the
management objectives because of heavy forage utilization.
Two-Pasture System Incorporating Rest. There are seven allotments
involving 22,414 acres of public land proposed to be managed under this
grazing system. Impact analyses for five of the seven allotments show
positive results; production potentials and management objectives would
be attained. The Apex winter pasture shows a negative result due to
3-22
VEGETATION
very heavy grazing pressure at 2.5 times the proper grazing rate when
grazed.
Although the proposed management system on the Smith Mesa Allotment
provides for no grazing during the second year, a decline in palatable
browse species would occur. This is a result of grazing at a rate that
would be more than double the proper grazing rate when grazed and graz-
ing the entire year. Deer use in this area is heavy and has contributed
to a declining browse condition; cattle use at the level proposed would
intensify the already negative impact to browse.
Trail Allotment and the spring pasture of Apex Allotment, a total
of 6,113 acres, are expected to reach potential production within the
proposed time frame. Four allotments (11,375 acres) would reach the
potential after the time frame because palatable forage species are
currently in low vigor, heavily used and have low densities. The Apex
winter pasture and Smith Mesa Allotments (4,926 acres) would not reach
potential production with the proposed action. See table 3-6 for the
impact summary.
Grazing Systems That Rotate the Delay of Grazing. Four allotments
involving 46,172 acres are proposed for management under a delay rota-
tion grazing system. All four are expected to show positive results as
summarized in table 3-7. All would reach potential production and
management objectives within the time frame.
Grazing Systems That Delay Grazing Each Year Until After the Grow-
ing Period. Portions of two allotments involving 25,533 acres are
proposed for delayed grazing systems. These areas would be expected to
show positive impacts as summarized in table 3-8 and management objec-
tives would be reached.
Season Long-Winter Use. There are seven allotments involving
20,546 acres of public land proposed to be managed under this system.
Six are expected to show positive results as summarized in table 3-9,
and they would reach management objectives within the time frame.
Custodial Management (see Glossary, G-3). There are 22 allotments
or parts of allotments involving 22,537 acres that are proposed for
3-23
IMPACTS
management under various types of season-long grazing systems. Six of
the 22 are expected to show a positive result because no grazing would
take place during the growing season. The other 16 allotments show a
negative result due to proposed continued grazing year after year during
the growing season. Table 3-10 summarizes the impacts. No specific
management objectives other than maintenance of existing forage have
been established for these allotments.
Elimination of Grazing. Three allotments (13,505 acres) are pro-
posed for removal or elimination of domestic livestock grazing. One
allotment would result in a positive impact on vegetation as summarized
in table 3-11; vegetation on the other two allotments would not be
impacted since they are not presently grazed.
Short-Term Impacts on Vegetation. Short-term vegetative impacts
from the proposed grazing systems would occur during the first grazing
cycle and would depend on the season and intensity of grazing. Gener-
ally, cool season grasses would benefit from grazing during the winter,
during summer periods after they have reached maturity, and when they
are rested from grazing and allowed to complete regular growth. Cool
season grasses would be impacted most when grazed during spring growth
periods. Warm season grasses would benefit most when grazed during the
winter season and when rested from grazing. They would be negatively
impacted when grazed at times when they are actively growing during late
spring and summer periods. Woody plants would benefit most when grazed
after they have reached maturity, usually during the late summer and
fall. When grazed during the winter and when actively growing, woody
plants would be negatively impacted. Rest would also benefit woody
plants. Forbs and annuals would increase when grazing occurs during the
spring period because desirable perennial species are unable to compete.
They would not be affected by winter grazing but would be unable to
compete with perennial vegetation when ranges are rested. Appendix XX
contains a more detailed description of how plants are affected by
grazing. Over the long term, negative impacts are reduced by resting
pastures from grazing.
3-24
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3-39
IMPACTS
Long-Term Impacts on Vegetation. The following is a summary of
what would be expected from the proposed grazing management program
after 24 years of implementation. Long-term impacts have been evaluated
by grazing system, the following table takes into account the accumula-
tive effects of the short-term treatments mentioned above:
Expected Livestock
Forage Condition (Acres) Trend Production
Improving 473,519 Up Increasing
Declining 56,045 Down Decreasing
Expected Attainment of Objectives
Good possibility 384,508
Poor possibility 145,056
The specific acreage figures were calculated using existing data
discussed in Chapter 2 and incorporating impacts as predicted in the
previous tables.
Construction Impacts of Proposed Range Developments. Proposed range
developments would disturb 5,255 acres of vegetation in the short term.
This disturbance would be primarily associated with construction activ-
ities, although livestock concentration could cause additional disturb-
ances, e.g., around water facilities. Generally, construction-related
disturbances are short term since these areas would be seeded and/or
would be subject to natural plant establishment processes. Long-term
loss of vegetation from range developments would include the 2,280 acres
of unsuccessful seedings in Alger Hollow, Jackson Wash, and Twin Peaks
Allotments. Other long-term vegetation loss would be minimal and would
be offset by increased utilization of forage and better distribution of
livestock. Table 3-12 shows short-term and long-term impacts to vegeta-
tion. Appendix XXIII presents a summary by allotment of vegetation
affected by proposed range developments.
3-40
VEGETATION
TABLE 3-12
Impacts to Vegetation from Proposed Developments
Proposed
Units
Acres
Disturbed
Project
Short Term
i
Long Term
Fence
75.2 miles
90.3
0.0
Cattleguards
19 each
0.4
0.4
Pipeline
44.3 miles
44.3
0.0
Wells
2 each
0.5
0.2
Catchments
7 each
7.0
7.0
Reservoirs
8 each
24.0
8.0
Chaining and
5,080 acres
5
,080.0
2
,280.0
seedings
Trails
0.1 mile
0.05
.03
Water tanks
20 each
.4
.4
Springs
18 each
4.5
0.00
5
,251.45
2
,296.03
Source: Appendix XXIII
Impacts on Riparian Vegetation by the Proposed Action. In woody ripar-
ian plants, food reserves and growing points, which are often located in
twigs and stems, are exposed to grazing. Heavily grazing these plants
after their food reserves are stored during their dormant period would
reduce vigor. This negative impact would be partially offset by the
increased rest provided by the proposed action. Herbaceous riparian
plants (sedges, rushes, and grasses) would be expected to improve
similar to improvement expected for upland herbaceous plants.
Although not grazed as frequently as in the past, riparian areas
would be selectively used by livestock and would be used in most cases
at a higher intensity. The effect of having more animals in these areas
3-41
IMPACTS
for shorter periods of time would cause increased intensity of use and
physical damage from trampling. Since these areas normally remain green
longer than upland vegetation and provide water as well as shade, they
would continue to receive concentrated use by livestock although the
rest periods would result in an improvement over the existing conditions.
Proposed range developments, mainly fences and water, would encourage
the use of other areas and would ease some of the grazing pressure on
riparian areas.
Riparian areas that are presently being used and are in poor condi-
tion, would not improve. These include Bull Mountain, Cougar Canyon,
Desert Inn, Gunlock, Grafton, Fort Pierce, Hurricane Fault, Red Cliffs,
Scarecrow Peak, and Virgin Allotments and comprise about 53.3 miles.
Riparian areas in good condition and presently not being used by live-
stock would generally not improve under the proposed action.
Impact on Proposed Threatened and Endangered Vegetation. Three of the
five proposed threatened and endangered plant species known to be in
this general area have been identified in allotments in the Hot Desert
area. Echinocereus engelmannii var. purpureus has been sighted on Alger
Hollow and Curly Hollow Allotments. Arctomecon humilis was sighted on
Curly Hollow and White Dome Allotments. Pediocactus sileri is found on
the Warner Ridge Allotment.
The rest during the growing season, along with the lighter grazing
use over present levels of use, would provide these plants with the
opportunity to compete with the native vegetation. There are no known
impacts to threatened and endangered species from proposed range develop-
ment construction; however, onsite field investigation would be made in
those areas of known threatened and endangered habitat prior to con-
struction.
Trailing. The AMPs have identified six allotments (Central, Sand Moun-
tain, White Dome, Herd House, Gunlock, and Curly Hollow) with trailing
problems. Trailing would be allowed in accordance with the Virgin River
MFP decisions which limit trailing to designated county roads and estab-
lished Bureau of Land Management trails, require placing of cattle in
3-42
VEGETATION
holding pens at night, and prohibit drifting of cattle. This would
negate present impacts on vegetation from trailing.
3-43
IMPACTS
WILDLIFE
Introduction. The long-term and short-term wildlife impact summary is
shown in table 3-13.
These impacts were predicted from the changes in vegetation dis-
cussed in tables 3-5 through 3-11. The "impact summary" noted in table
3-13 addresses both long-term and short-term impacts to the habitat. It
summarizes the overall quality of many wildlife factors (cover, food,
space, etc.) and considers their importance to the wildlife population
itself (Chapter 2). The acres shown in the summary were derived from
projecting the distribution of wildlife species (fig. 2-14, 2-15) on the
proposed allotment map (fig. 1-2) to determine habitat acreage by allot-
ment. It was not possible to quantify impacts on wildlife populations
in each allotment since population estimates are not available by allot-
ment. The importance of each allotment to deer, quail and tortoise is
shown in Appendix X.
Mule Deer. Habitat condition for mule deer would improve in five allot-
ments (51,803 acres), decline in 21 allotments (49,483 acres), and
remain the same in 19 allotments (178,288 acres). These 45 allotments
are those with important or fairly important deer habitat. In allot-
ments where it is predicted that the carrying capacity for deer would
decrease or increase, it does not necessarily follow that deer numbers
would change from present levels (Appendix II). As stated in Chapter 2,
deer herds are presently low and there is more than adequate forage in
most allotments for present deer numbers. A conflict between livestock
and deer could arise, however, when the deer herds begin to build back
up to their potential.
A decline in deer carrying capacity could occur if the proposed
action effects a major compositional increase in grasses. However,
where grazing systems are designed to favor browse, an increase in
palatable browse would also occur in areas grazed by livestock. The
vegetation on areas unsuitable for livestock grazing would be affected
little by the proposal and most of the forage on these areas would be
3-44
WILDLIFE
available to deer. Because deer would not always confine themselves to
these unsuitable areas, competition due to dietary overlap would occur
on areas grazed at any time during the year by both deer and livestock.
In 32 allotments, there would be a rested pasture at some time
during the grazing season, which would provide forage for deer. Because
some deer are very traditional in their use of winter ranges, they may
not move to the ungrazed pastures and take advantage of additional
forage. This could result in competition in the areas grazed by
livestock.
The proposed Little Creek Mountain chaining would release desirable
understory shrubs and increase forb and grass production. The proposed
irregular chaining patterns would increase the "edge effect" which is
beneficial to deer as well as small mammals and birds. This dense
pinyon-juniper area presently receives light use by these animals and
this development would enhance their habitat.
It is generally agreed that if deer use does increase following a
chaining, such use is concentrated along the edge of the treatment
(McCullough 1969, Minnich 1969, Cole 1968). Deer use decreases as the
distance from the edge increases. Urness (1966) reported a marked
increase in pellet group counts within 100 feet of the edge of the
treatment. In the proposed chainings of 1,300 and 500 acres on Little
Creek Mountain, it is not expected that deer would make use of the
entire seedings, but would mainly benefit from increased production
along the edge. If islands of cover were left untreated and with an
irregular pattern, the entire seedings would be potentially productive
and available to deer.
The other three proposed vegetative treatments - Alger Hollow,
Jackson Wash and Twin Peaks - have low chances of success according to
soils analysis (table 3-4). If not successful, these treatments could
reduce desirable food and cover from present levels.
Deer are not inclined to travel more than approximately 1.5 miles
to water (Hanson and McCulloch, 1955). Of the 125 proposed water de-
velopments, 83 are in deer areas and would enhance deer and other
3-45
IMPACTS
wildlife habitat in the long term. New water developments in areas that
have sufficient forage may open up additional areas for deer utilization.
Fences would be built according to Bureau of Land Management manual
specifications to allow for passage of wildlife, so wildlife movement
would generally not be restricted. But some deer loss would still occur
because of the proposed 43 additional miles of fence in deer habitat.
This loss would not be noti cable in the total deer population.
Quail . The predicted decline or improvement in quail habitat was based
on the decrease or increase of annuals and forbs in the vegetative
composition, the impact on riparian vegetation, and the impact on cover.
Estimated vegetative changes due to the proposed action are shown in
table 3-13. Quail habitat would improve in five allotments (33,818
acres), decline in 14 allotments (48,409 acres), and remain the same in
22 allotments (240,164 acres). These 41 allotments have important or
fairly important quail habitat. However, in unusually dry years, a
decrease in forbs and annuals would have a greater adverse impact on
quail, especially in the pastures receiving heavy spring use. Quail
reproduction may be limited by this shortage of green succulent vegeta-
tion brought on by climatic conditions, but intensified by spring graz-
ing (Hungerford 1960). In the long term, quail numbers are not expected
to change. Localized situations would arise where impacts of increased
cover would be offset by decreased annuals and forbs.
In areas where water is lacking, quail select a higher percentage
of succulent green food material, while in areas nearer to water, dry
seeds provide the bulk of their food (Hungerford, 1960). Cattle tend to
concentrate their utilization around water sources, thus removing vege-
tation in areas where quail also tend to concentrate. On most allot-
ments, rest periods have been increased over the present situation and
competition would be limited. Development of 60 new water sources in
quail areas would make it possible for quail to utilize more dry seeds.
In areas with little water where cattle still graze, competition for
green food could occur. However, this competition would be minimized in
years when pastures are rested. In years when pastures are grazed, it
3-46
WILDLIFE
is doubtful whether quail would take advantage of the rested pastures in
all cases, and competition could occur.
Other Wildlife. The impact of the proposed action on any future bighorn
sheep transplants would be slight because sheep usually confine them-
selves to the areas unsuitable for livestock and forage condition would
not be impacted. There would be no development of water for livestock
in the bighorn sheep area in order to lessen the opportunity for inter-
action.
Small mammals and birds would most likely benefit from the
increased cover and food from perennial grasses and shrubs. In areas
where the riparian vegetation improves, small mammals and birds would
benefit. Those areas of riparian habitat that continue to remain static
or decline would not provide additional cover or food for small mammals
and birds. Generally, loss or gain of woody plants affect the cover and
herbaceous plants affect the food for small animals. During the spring
grazing of pastures, suitable nesting sites may be reduced in some areas
by the removal of vegetation (Buttery and Shields, 1975). Most song
birds are territorial and would not move to rested pastures where suit-
able nest sites would already be occupied.
The impacts on raptors would generally depend on the effects on
their prey species, mainly small mammals and birds. Diversity in vege-
tation on ranges in good condition usually produces a greater abundance
and variety of prey species, thereby attracting a greater number of
raptors. Those 21 allotments predicted to have a downward range trend
and reduced production could become less desirable for raptors. Con-
versely, those allotments with an expected increase in cover and an
improved range condition would improve available food supply for raptors.
Fences have little or no detrimental effect on bird habitat, and
may, in fact, improve it by providing hunting perches for raptors, fly-
catchers and shrikes, and safer resting areas for other birds, partic-
ularly where shrubs are scarce.
Water developments can be both beneficial and detrimental to bird
habitat. The most detrimental effect to birds would be the resulting
.
3-47
IMPACTS
concentration of animals in the vicinity of the water development.
Ground cover and nesting habitat on approximately 125 acres could be
damaged or destroyed by grazing and trampling. However, because water
is currently a limiting factor for many of the area's wildlife, they
would mostly benefit from the 125 new water developments. Mourning dove
distribution would also benefit from additional water. Other possible
beneficial effects might be an increase in numbers and species of
insects used for food attracted by the water, livestock and manure, and
the creation of dusting areas.
Cover for waterfowl may be adversely impacted by the loss of ripar-
ian habitat in those allotments where it is presently declining and
would continue to decline. There may be no change over the present
situation in some allotments. In areas with established shoreline
vegetation that is presently in good condition, the proposed action may
improve habitat for waterfowl, particularly in those years when the
vegetation is rested or grazed early. Gjersing (1975) cites the benefit
of increased vegetation resulting from a grazing management system which
would provide additional nesting and/or brood-rearing habitat.
Reptiles and amphibians may lose some habitat and shade where the
riparian vegetation declines. Busack and Bury (1973) indicated in their
study of insectivorous lizards that grazing has a negative effect on
these animals due to loss of cover, reduction in invertebrate food
sources, disturbance of social structure, and casualties. This impact
would occur in those 21 allotments in which the production would de-
crease and the range trend would decline, while the rested pastures in
42 allotments would provide additional food and cover for these animals.
Desert Tortoise. Table 3-13 predicts an increase in perennial grasses,
but it is unknown whether the expected increase would be timely enough
to benefit the present declining tortoise population.
The proposed grazing system for the Beaver Dam Slope Allotment
would result in competition for annual spring forage between cattle and
tortoises during the year of spring grazing (Kristin Berry 1976, Divi-
sion of Wildlife Resources 1976: personal communication). The pressure
3-48
WILDLIFE
on annuals resulting from competition between tortoise and cattle would
be alleviated somewhat by the MFP decision (table 1-1) and by restrict-
ing cattle use as outlined in the AMP 2 out of 3 years. However, in
areas of heavy tortoise concentration - primarily washes - (fig. 2-15),
competition for succulent forage between cattle and tortoise would still
occur 1 year out of 3. This competition would be more intense during
dry years. The Beaver Dam Slope Allotment Management Plan objective did
not determine total annual production and set no limits to the amount
actually utilized by cattle. This would be necessary to insure that
sufficient annual forage is available to the tortoise.
The proposed action would adversely impact the home range behavior
of the tortoise. Tortoises would not move into another ungrazed pasture
or travel to other areas when the food supply is poor or has been ex-
hausted by cattle. If tortoises did move, they would enter home ranges
of others and territorial conflicts would likely increase. Since fe-
males are the least mobile and the young have the smallest home ranges,
they would be impacted the most severely by the competition for food
(Kristin Berry 1976: personal communication).
This competition for forage would be extremely important to the 400
to 500 tortoises remaining on the Beaver Dam Slope since the major
reason for their continuing decline is thought to be a nutritional
problem leading to a lack of reproduction (Kristin Berry 1976: personal
communication).
Threatened or Endangered Species
Peregrine Falcon. Since the only known active nest in this region
is not on public land, and the major hunting area of the falcons is not
within the ES boundary, no impacts on this species can be identified.
3-49
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3-59
IMPACTS
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES
Water. Implementation of the proposed management plans would produce
little change in existing water resources.
The water consumptively used for livestock grazing would not change,
although new water developments would distribute the water needs more
evenly over the available supply. Livestock and wildlife use of water
generally does not conflict with other uses and livestock use with the
proposed action would only constitute 0.008 percent of the total avail-
able water.
With implementation of the management plans, short-term surface
erosion would decrease on 63 percent of the public land, and increase on
33 percent. In the long term, the surface erosion is expected to
decrease on 83 percent of the public land and increase on 4 percent.
The long-term decline would be expected to be 10 to 20 percent (see
Soils section). The sediment loads in the streams would not decline as
much as the surface erosion since a major contributing factor is erosion
of stream banks and immediately adjacent riparian areas. Since the
change in riparian vegetation would be small (see Vegetation section),
the reduction in erosion would likewise be small. Some changes would
occur in sediment loads in streams, but it is estimated that it would be
less than 10 percent of current levels. The greatest anticipated change
would be in Bull Mountain Allotment, where the increase would be greater
than 10 percent. This would be due to the grazing in the upper two
proposed pastures where livestock have not been grazing in the past.
These pastures are presently in excellent condition due to the lack of
livestock use. In LaVerkin Creek, there would be a decrease of 10 to 20
percent or more due to the elimination of livestock grazing.
Chemical constituents are not likely to change since the chemical
composition is dependent to a large extent on source of water and the
geological substrate. Changes in erosion would not be great enough to
produce a noticeable change in the chemical composition of the water.
During periods of use, col i form levels would be essentially the same as
3-60
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES
at present. Most col i form contamination from livestock comes from use
in or directly adjacent to the stream, so that downstream col i form
levels would increase during periods of grazing, followed by a decline
when livestock is removed, but with coliform counts similar to what is
presently occurring.
Fisheries Introduction. The level and detail of impact assessment
are limited by two considerations. First, adequate site specific fish-
eries' data (habitat, species, and populations) are not available to
assess either site specific positive or negative impacts. Second,
applicable studies that are useful in assessing site specific impacts to
fisheries habitat and populations are limited. There are no available
studies which document impacts from all of the various grazing systems
proposed in the Hot Desert area. Some data are available on impacts
from rest-rotation grazing (Platts and Rountree, 1972; Eckhart, 1975).
For the above reasons, the following analysis is generalized, and
not site specific by allotment or stream. Documented study results and
conclusions of a general nature are used where applicable. Some of the
following analysis is based upon professional judgment utilizing exper-
ience gained from field observations of historical grazing patterns and
similar grazing management systems implemented in other areas on public
lands.
The impact analysis deals with two major factors: grazing effects
on riparian vegetation and physical (soil) impacts caused by livestock
concentration and subsequent trampling along stream banks.
As an introduction to the analysis, a brief discussion on the
historical patterns of livestock grazing is provided by Ames (1977):
"Cattle exhibit a strong preference for the riparian
zones for a number of reasons. Cattle prefer the quality and
variety of forage available. Riparian forage is higher in
palatability because it has more moisture in it whether it be
shrubs, forbs, or grass. Moisture content, probably more than
any other factor, influences palatability. A preferred
species of forage growing on a dry hillside will not be nearly
as palatable as the same species growing in a riparian zone.
3-61
IMPACTS
Availability of water in most riparian areas provides a
strong influence for livestock to frequent the area.
If the surrounding country is rough and rocky, livestock
tend to concentrate along the riparian areas just to give
their feet a rest. In hot climates, livestock seek the shade
available along the riparian areas. In cold climates, they
seek shelter from the cold winds."
Grazing Effects on Riparian Vegetation. Site specific grazing
systems designed to improve the conditions of range plants are not
normally tailored to the physiological requirements of woody riparian
plants. The success of a rest-rotation system in improving range vege-
tation does not guarantee that riparian plants bordering a stream within
pastures of the system would be maintained. Results of rest rotation on
riparian vegetation range widely from positive to negative. Each case
is unique and must be evaluated separately.
Generally, riparian vegetation begins growth earlier in the spring
and continues growth later into the fall than most upland range plants.
During this time, the plants are more palatable than dried range plants
and are actively sought by cattle (Platts and Rountree, 1972). Because
of this, riparian vegetation in meadows and stream bottoms is invariably
closely utilized under any stocking rate or system of grazing (Hormay,
1976).
Two studies conducted by Platts and Rountree (1972) and Eckert
(1975) question whether riparian vegetation can be restored on pre-
viously overgrazed pastures through the use of rest-rotation grazing
management systems. These authors concluded that riparian vegetation
receiving 1 year of rest in a rest-rotation system did not recover
adequately. Thus, their findings seemed to indicate pastures may re-
cover during a yearlong rest, but stream banks do not recover adequately.
Nature of Impacts. In the impact assessment on fisheries' habitat,
various components of the proposed action need to be examined. The
primary cause of an impact would be physical damage associated with the
removal of stream bank vegetation, stream bank soil instability result-
ing from livestock concentration, and trampling.
3-62
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES
From a fishery habitat standpoint, positive effects of rest periods
and the subsequent increase in ground cover of riparian vegetation could
have little effect on the overall stability or productivity of the
aquatic ecosystem. Since grazing sequences would follow the rest
periods, removal of vegetation and physical disturbance of the stream
habitat would negate any positive benefits derived from the rest (Platts
and Rountree, 1972; Eckert, 1975).
A number of studies (Marcuson, 1970 etc.) have shown that fish
production is much lower where grazing occurs in the riparian zone.
Behnke (1977) indicates, "... the focal point of conflict concerns the
fact the livestock tend to concentrate along stream bottoms leading to
excessive use and eventual destruction of riparian vegetation, which in
turn leads to destabilized stream banks and altered stream channels".
Further confirmation that shallow, high- velocity flows without suitable
cover hold considerably less biomass of trout (especially less of the
older, larger fish) and that this difference is due to differences in
the physical habitat, not the food supply, was demonstrated by the ex-
perimental alteration of a section of Lawrence Creek, Wisconsin (Hunt,
1969, 1976). The works of White (1973) and Wesche (1973, 1974) also
documents the relationships of channel morphology, undercut banks, and
adequate cover to trout abundance. While these factors would tend to
occur within or near the stream itself, additional effects from grazing
on the surrounding soils and vegetation within the watershed could also
influence the type and degree of impact that would occur.
Summary. Specific impacts to fisheries' habitat in the Hot Desert would
depend on the existing condition and stability, intensity and frequency
of grazing, amount of rest, and impacts to soils and vegetation in the
riparian zone itself and surrounding watershed.
Impacts to fishes would depend on the extent to which their habitat
was modified from its existing condition. In addition, their specific
tolerance to the modification and their viability in terms of reproduc-
tive capability would influence the type and degree of impact.
3-63
IMPACTS
There are insufficient data on the effect the reduction of live-
stock numbers and periods of rest would have on the woundfin, Virgin
River roundtail chub, and the Virgin River spinedace to make a deter-
mination of impacts. In compliance with Chapter 1, design restrictions
and BLM policy (Manual Section 6840), necessary data would be collected
prior to making any decisions that may affect this species. If it is
determined that the proposed action may adversely affect these species,
formal consultation with the Fish and Wildlife Service would be
initiated in accordance with section 402.04 of the regulations imple-
menting Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act.
Because of these variables, a reliable and accurate impact assess-
ment in more specific terms would be beyond the scope of this statement.
As a result, a monitoring and mitigation program would be developed as
discussed in Chapter 4.
3-64
CULTURAL RESOURCES
CULTURAL RESOURCES
The effect of the proposed action on cultural resources is depen-
dent upon the significance and type of site, as well as anticipated
disturbance.
Implementation of the proposed Allotment Management Plans could
adversely affect cultural resources through surface disturbances
incurred during construction of the proposed range developments. How-
ever, archaeological clearance would be required prior to construction
(Chapter 1). Cattle trampling is not generally an adverse impact to
cultural resources, unless a large number of cattle are concentrated in
the area of a site, such as at springs, salt licks, and trail routes
where resources are exposed. Since cattle presently graze the area, no
additional cattle-related impacts are anticipated.
There are 15 recorded sites known to be in the proposed construc-
tion areas. These sites are listed in Appendix XXIV. None of the areas
proposed for construction of range developments has had a complete
archaeological survey because the precise location of many range develop-
ments has not been determined yet.
Heavy machinery traversing a site disturbs, and sometimes obliter-
ates the horizontal surface manifestations of the site by breaking and
scattering artifacts and by destroying the existing features and struc-
tures. Machinery digging into a site not only disturbs the horizontal
surface, but also disturbs and destroys the vertical strata of cultural
and paleoecological deposition.
Heavy cattle trampling also has the effect of breaking and scatter-
ing artifacts, of knocking over structures when they rub up against the
walls, and of destroying features such as firepits.
Several historic trails would be affected by the proposed develop-
ments. The supposed route of the Old Spanish Trail and the Yount-
Wolfskill Trail is now a partially paved county road. A fence is pro-
posed to be built across it in one location, and along it in another.
The Old Mormon Trail, also an existing dirt road today, would have two
3-65
IMPACTS
pipelines crossing its route. A portion of the supposed Jedediah Smith
Trail is now Interstate 15; a pipeline is proposed to be built across
it. The supposed route of the Dominguez-Escalante expedition would have
three pipelines and a fence built across it.
Implementation of these proposed developments would have little
adverse effect on these trails. Either the trails have already been
drastically altered, or the original route is so questionable that most
of the proposed developments would not affect trail integrity. Access
along the trail could be restricted and the natural aesthetics altered
by the fence and pipeline.
3-66
LAND USE
LAND USE
Plans, Controls, and Constraints. The proposed action could initiate
new or revised agreements such as the range management agreements be-
tween the Forest Service and BLM. Percentage license reductions and
changes in season of use could effect alterations in the ranch manage-
ment plans between the livestockmen and the Soil Conservation Service
because, in some cases, these plans are tied to the livestock operation
on public land.
Land Use. The proposed action would not impact general land uses and
would have only limited effect on specific sites. Implementation would
initiate shifts in intensity, location, and diversity, but would not
preclude other land uses.
Implementation of some management components, particularly cus-
todial, might cause a gradual increase in applications for land ex-
changes and/or public sale to enlarge private holdings to support a
large percentage of the livestock operations. Although such land trans-
actions would be localized, the subsequent change in ownership pattern
could alter the present land use by the general public.
Recreation. There is sufficient deer forage available to sustain poten-
tial deer numbers on most public land. Because carrying capacity would
decline, competition for forage would occur in some areas. Recreation
visitor days generated by deer hunting would not change as a result of
the proposed action.
Regional hunting of Gambel's quail would not change as a result of
the proposed action. Localized loss of forage would sometimes be offset
by increased cover and increased benefits resulting from resting the
range periodically. The proposal could affect the viewing opportunities
in some allotments because of increased vegetation, but most effects
would not be measurable or noticeable for many years.
The allotment management plan would not directly affect plants such
as Joshua trees, barrel cactus, and yucca.
3-67
IMPACTS
Fenceline construction proposed in the Sand Mountain area would
restrict off-road-vehicle use, especially the east-to-west travel that
now occurs. Most of the active sand dunes would remain open to ORV use,
and the cattleguard installation along the major dune access road would
eliminate existing gate maintenance problems. The construction of 7 new
miles of fence would still pose a hazard to off-road-vehicle drivers.
The elimination of grazing in the LaVerkin Creek Allotment would
benefit wildlife and related recreational values. Riparian vegetation
along the creek would improve aesthetically and as habitat for wildlife.
There would be a beneficial impact from chaining in areas where
firewood collection could be authorized. Chained areas are ideal fire-
wood collection sites because of the numerous dead, dry trees.
Visual Resources. The major scenic change which would occur is primar-
ily related to vegetative changes over time. Improved topsoil 'condi-
tions resulting from improved range management would eventually result
in more grassy areas, producing a smoother surface and reflecting more
light green and golden brown colors.
In the proposed chaining areas, the visual quality would remain
acceptable. Visual resource management (VRM) objectives designed to
harmonize these areas with the surrounding environment would be
achieved.
Fencelines and pipelines would create small-scale and sometimes
temporary lines on the landscape; however, fence design and pipeline
installation stipulations noted in the proposed action would minimize
the visual change. Visual contrast ratings were made for individual
range developments. As a result of these ratings, there would not be
any long-term visual impacts and VRM objectives would be attained.
Wilderness. Where any of the 11 types of proposed range developments
are placed in areas having wilderness value, some negative impact may
occur.
These developments would visually be recognized as manmade intru-
sions on an otherwise natural landscape. Table 3-14 shows how wilder-
ness values would be affected by livestock grazing and the proposed
3-68
LAND USE
range developments. Table 3-15 shows the existing developments which
occur on public land within potential wilderness study sectors, and the
number of proposed range developments that would lie in these sectors.
All range developments are categorized as intrusions which detract from
wilderness values; however, no type of existing range development would
specifically cause land to be omitted from designation as wilderness if
primitive values are dominant. Livestock grazing and most types of
range developments could be authorized even in the wilderness sectors if
it is determined such developments or livestock grazing on the potential
wilderness study sectors is one of degree. Although a few scattered,
well -designed developments may have no real impact on wilderness values,
the cumulative impact of many small developments could adversely affect
wilderness designation potential. So, also, a few head of livestock and
the presence of their odor, sound, body waste, and dust from movement,
would not preclude designation of wilderness.
None of the proposed projects would be implemented until public
lands have been inventoried, consequently, there would be no adverse
impact to wilderness values initially. When potential wilderness study
areas are defined, management restrictions will remain in force on those
areas, but restrictions will be removed from the remaining lands.
Interim management restrictions require an Environmental Assessment
Report (EAR) be written for any project proposed in a potential wilder-
ness study area. If the EAR findings indicate the project would ad-
versely affect wilderness values, an environmental statement would be
written covering the impacts to wilderness designation potential.
Agriculture (Nongrazing). Reductions in the number of animals allowed
on public land and season of use modifications could increase the depen-
dency of livestock operations on private lands. Some livestockmen would
have to readjust their operations to provide additional forage during
periods when they cannot utilize public lands. Most operations have
limited opportunities to make this adjustment.
3-69
TABLE 3-14
Effect of Proposed Range Improvements on Wilderness Areas
1
Mechanized
Adversely Affect Vehicles Required
Wilderness Potential For Construction
Mechanized
Vehicles Required
For Maintenance
Springs
No if restoration is
complete
No
No
Pipelines
No if restoration is
complete
Yes
No
Wells
Yes; required maintenance
road, fuel supply, and
noise
Yes
Yes
Rainfall
catchment
Yes; prominent
landscape disturbance
Yes
Yes
Water storage
tank
Possibly; tanks could
be screened from view
Yes
Yes
Water trough
No; very minor intrusion
Yes
Yes
Reservoir
Yes; noticeable land-
scape disturbance
Yes
Yes
Fences
Possibly no with
isolated fencelines
No
No
Cattleguard
No; cattleguards placed
on existing roads only
Yes
Yes
Trai 1 s
No
No
No
Seedings
(chainings)
Yes
Yes
No
Livestock
grazing
No unless concentrations
are greater than presently
exist
NA
No
Motorized vehicles are not usually permitted to operate in a designated
wilderness area.
NA = Not applicable
3-70
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3-71
IMPACTS
Livestock Grazing. The majority of livestock operators in Washington
County would be directly impacted by the proposal. The high dependence
on public land would continue to be essential for the ranch unit as a
whole. Appendix XIX shows the change in Base Property Qualifications
(BPQ) and licensed use. The impact of the proposed action represents a
28 percent decrease in BPQ. This will cause some imbalance with permits
and leases on lands utilized other than public land.
If a sustained, yearly supply of forage could be obtained and
depended upon, stability of livestock operations would be increased over
existing operations that now rely on an unpredictable supply of annual
vegetation which fluctuates with moisture conditions. With an estab-
lished constant herd size, economic conditions could be improved.
Martin (1975) revealed in a 29-year study that cow-calf units on semi-
desert ranges with flexible stocking produced only $100 to $200 more per
100 head than with constant or limited flexible stocking.
Production Characteristics. Most of the vegetative production,
which is the primary constraint on livestock production, is expected to
increase over the long term to the potential forage supply shown in
Appendix I. Cook (1956) concluded that during winter grazing, grasses
are markedly deficient in protein, phosphorus and carotine, but are good
sources of energy. In the long term, a higher quality and sustained
forage supply would result because grazing systems would provide rest
and utilization would be within allowable levels. In addition, palat-
able browse species could provide additional nutrients, thereby mini-
mizing any reduced livestock production.
The change in season of use would present some problems with ranch
stability. Rental pastures are currently in very high demand and feed
is at a record high cost; therefore, the permittees would probably be
forced to reduce their herd and/or feed their stock. Private lands
could be forced to maximize forage production. The Proposed Action
Summary, table 1-10, shows allotments for which changes in season of use
are proposed.
3-72
LAND USE
The implementation of the proposal would improve livestock dis-
tribution and protect the vegetation. However, livestock may lose
weight in the short term, as a result of forcing them onto different
feed and into new surroundings, and denying them access to regrowth
generated in pastures grazed earlier in the year (Hormay, 1970). Bene-
fits derived from a more uniform utilization of the forage could result
in less competition between livestock in areas where forage is currently
heavily used.
Several allotments are proposed to have an increase in intensity of
use. The nutrient intake of grazing animals is influenced by many
factors, the most important being intensity of use. As the degree of
utilization increases, the content of desirable nutrients decreases
because the animals are forced to eat more of the less nutritious por-
tions of the plants. In addition, animals consume less forage daily
with the increased degree of utilization which further reduces the
actual nutrient intake (Cook, 1956). Paulsen (1975) found that weight
gains often are slightly less for complex grazing systems than for
continuous grazing probably because the animals are, at times, forced to
graze more mature forage. Hormay (1970), however, found that weight
gains comparable to those under continuous grazing can be obtained under
grazing systems incorporating rest by maximizing livestock distribution.
The calf crop percent would be expected to improve slightly with
the increase in range subdivisions (Reynolds and Martin, 1968). Because
the proposed systems generally would require more movement of the
animals, a higher degree of herd checks would occur. This could be
beneficial to livestock production if problems are spotted earlier and
corrective measures taken. In the long term, as the quality of vegeta-
tion improves, the condition of mother cows would improve and higher
calf crop percentage would result.
The consolidation of allotments would force some changes in current
breeding practices. Permittees in common allotments would have to agree
on the bulls used or establish an independent breeding season. Adher-
ence to a definite breeding season has many advantages. By having a
3-73
IMPACTS
regular breeding season, a greater percentage of earlier and heavier
calves are available at market time. Greater uniformity in calf weights
would result in better unit prices and higher overall income (Reynolds
and Martin, 1968).
Because these characteristics influence beef production, they
determine operator net income, as discussed in the socioeconomic section.
3-74
SOCIOECONOMICS
SOCIOECONOMICS
Introduction. The proposal would have limited impacts on the Washington
County economy as a whole. However, some adverse and positive impacts
would occur to the livestock industry and to specific individuals.
Regional Economics
Population. The proposed action would not impact the county popu-
lation.
Employment. Employment would not be impacted in measurable terms.
Ranch Economics
General Information. Since approximately 66 percent of the live-
stock operators in the county utilize public land forage, the county
livestock industry would be impacted proportionately. Impacts would be
both positive and negative, depending largely upon the analysis time
frame.
Ranch Operations Utilizing Public Land. Economic dependence on
outside sources of income would continue for many livestock operations
in Washington County. Market returns and operator management intensity
would not increase. Poor income returns would probably continue for the
short term, but should stabilize over the long term. Because of a
shortage of rental pastures and extremely high feed costs, it is assumed
that a change in herd size would result in a proportionate change in
individual livestock operations (Beck, 1976).
Frequently, Washington County permittees do not stock at their full
BPQs throughout the grazing season every year. These fluctuations
generally can be recognized in each year's licensed use. For 1976, the
total licensed use was 68 percent of the maximum allowed in the BPQs.
Therefore, with a lower stocking rate, some impacts would be reduced.
This would vary by individual. On the average, the proposed action
represents a 6-percent increase over the licensed use in 1976, because
stocking had been below the allowable capacity that year.
Some total nonuse was taken in 1976 but this had very little effect
on the difference between the licensed use and proposed action. Many
3-75
IMPACTS
livestock operators would not change their livestock numbers but all
operations with reductions, would lose some of the economic values
associated with grazing permits, e.g., loan collateral and sale value.
Table 3-16 contains a summary of economic impacts.
The short-term annual net income would decrease $300 while in the
long term, an annual $89,200 increase would be realized as a result of
the potential forage production generated, assuming that all qualifica-
tions are used, i.e., no nonuse taken.
The capital impacts to the operators would change. Because the
capital value is based on the BPQ, a 28 percent change ($70,600) would
occur. This short-term impact could jeopardize the borrowing potential
of the operators for current and future loans. The percent change in
BPQ could be directly proportionate to the loss in borrowing power
(Millard Owens, Federal Land Bank 1976: personal communication). The
instability of the livestock industry in Washington County would suggest
that any further decline in financial security would encourage many
individuals to drop out of the livestock industry. The long-term
capital value could increase to $107,400.
Because each individual operator would be impacted differently, the
description of ranching operations established in Chapter 2 will provide
the analysis format for discussion of impacts to the three scales of
ranching operation.
Small Operation. The 63 small operations would receive a 33
percent decrease over the BPQ. The base property change ranges between
0 to 100 percent. The short-term annual net income impact could cause
negative returns to the livestock operator but many small operators have
additional sources of income, so the overall effect on their livelihood
would vary. Table 3-17 shows the short-term annual impact to the
typical small operator. The long-term annual net income impact could
total $8,100 as shown in table 3-18. The small operation's permit value
could decline a total of $20,000, 35 percent from the existing value in
the short term; in the long term, it could increase 59 percent or almost
$30,000.
3-76
TABLE 3-16
Economic Impact Summary by Scale of Operation
Total
Small
Medium
Large
CURRENT NUMBER OF OPERATIONS
108
63
35
10
NET INCOME3 b c
Existing net income per AUM
$ NA
$ 1.33
$ 2.11
$ 2.77
Total existing net income
39,831
6,395.00
20,675.00
12,761.00
Short-term net income per AUM
NA
(.28)
2.11
2.85
Total short-term net income
39,513
0
20,675.00
18,838.00
Short-term net income change
318
(6,395.00)
0
6,077.00
Long-term net income without
NA
(3.79)
.48
1.57
proposal per AUM
Total long-term net income
12,945
0
3,564.00
9,381.00
without proposal
Long-term net income with
NA
1.47
4.68
3.30
proposal per AUM
Total long-term net income
102,180
8,134.00
62,693.00
31,353.00
with proposal
Long-term not income change
89,226
8,134.00
59,129.00
21,972.00
CAPITAL VALUE3 b C d
Existing capital value per AUM
NA
8.66
9.60
8.46
Total existing capital value
255,325
56,723.00
120,136.00
78,466.00
Total short-term capital value
184,710
36,702.00
92,087.00
55,921.00
Short-term capital value change
(70,615)
(20,021.00)
(28,049.00)
22,545.00
Total long-term capital value
145,271
26,231.00
68,492.00
50,548.00
without proposal
Total long-term capital value
253,148
47,916.00
124,854.00
80,378.00
with proposal
Long-term capital value change
$107,427
$21,685.00
$ 56,362.00
29,830.00
Short-term impacts are considered as being less than one complete grazing cycle and would
^occur upon implementation of the proposal.
Long-term impacts are considered as occurring after one grazing cycle through the attainment
cof objective time frame (24 years) and the implementation interval (5 years).
Includes future as viewed 29 years from present with continuing existing management. It is
dbased on predicted levels of forage productin at that time.
It is assumed values per AUM would not change.
NA = Not available.
3-77
TABLE 3-17
Annual Short Term Impacts - Average Small Operator
Existing
(dollars)
Proposed
Average
(dollars)
Percent
INCOME
1,849. Oo£
142.00°
1,991.00°
Calf sales
2,226.00
Cull sales
171.00
GROSS INCOME
2,397.00
EXPENSES
40.00^
56.00°
51.00°
147.00°
Feed
48.00
Grazing fees
68.00
Veterinary
61.00
Variable expenses
177.00
Net change
-30.00
-2
Fixed expenses
1,901.00
1,901.00
TOTAL EXPENSES
2,078.00
2,048.00
Net change
Average cost per cow
-30
-1
103.90
120.47
Average cost per AUM
8.66
10.04
NET INCOME
Gross income
2,397.00
1,991.00
Total expenses
2,078.00
2,048.00
NET INCOME
319.00
-57.00
Net change
-376.00
-118
Net income per cow
15.95
-3.35
Net income per AUM
1.33
- .28
Average number of cows
20
17
Note: Short term impacts are considered as being less than one complete
grazing cycle and would occur upon implementation of the proposal.
Based on a 17 percent reduction in small operator 1976 licensed use.
It is assumed figures would change proportionate to change in AUMs.
3-71
TABLE 3-18
Annual Long Term Impacts - Average Small Operator
Without3
Proposal
(dollars)
With"
Proposal
(dollars)
Percent
INCOME
f+
Calf sales
1,358.00
2,485.00^
Cull sales
104.00
190.00^
GROSS INCOME
1,462.00
2,675. 00c
Net change
EXPENSES
+1,213.00
83
r*
Feed
29.00
53.00c
Grazing fees
41.00
75.00^
Veterinary
37.00
68.00!;
Variable expenses
107.00
l%.0uc
Net change
89.00
83
Fixed expenses
1,901.00
1,901.00
TOTAL EXPENSES
2,008.00
2,097.00
Net change
Average cost per cow
+89.00
4
167.33
95.32
Average cost per AUM
13.94
7.94
NET INCOME
Gross income
1,462.00
2,485.00
Total expenses
-2,008.00
2,097.00
NET INCOME
-546.00
388.00
Net change
Net income per cow
+934.00
171
-45.50
17.64
Net income per AUM
3.79
1.47
Average number of cows
12d
22
Note: Long term impacts are considered as occurring after one grazing
cycle through the attainment of objective time frame (24 years) and the
implementation interval (5 years).
Includes the future as viewed 29 years from present with continuing
existing management. It is based on predicted levels of forage
.production at that time.
Based on a potential 83 percent increase in small operator Base
Property Qualifications.
It is assumed that figures would change proportionate to change in
dAUMs.
This is lower than the existing level represented in Chapter 2.
3-79
IMPACTS
Medium Operation. This scale would receive a 23-percent
decrease in BPQs. The base property change ranges between 4 to 100
percent. The proposal would cause no change in the short-term annual
net income because this scale frequently does not stock at full BPQ.
The long-term increase would equal $59,000, The typical impacts can be
seen in table 3-19 and 3-20. The capital value for this scale would
decline $28,000 (23 percent) in the short term. However, an 82-percent
increase in this value ($56,000) could occur in the long term.
Large Operation. Although few in number, the 10 large oper-
ators, currently control 32 percent of the allocated AUMs. The proposed
action would reduce their total BPQs 29 percent in the short term. The
base property change ranges between 1 to 100 percent. The typical
short-term impacts to annual net income, can be seen in table 3-21.
Table 3-22 depicts the typical long-term annual net income impacts which
total almost $22,000, a 233-percent increase. The capital value would
initially decrease $22,500 (29 percent). In the long term, however, it
could increase nearly $30,000 (59 percent).
Public Attitudes and Values
General . The proposal could impact the public attitudes and values
of the people in Washington County. These impacts can be segregated
between the rural and urban sectors.
Ranch Attitudes and Values. With the implementation of the proposed
action, many of the livestock operators utilizing public land may feel a
greater governmental control over their livelihood. Consolidation of
allotments could result in a loss of individualism with respect to their
management desires. Although these individuals would benefit finan-
cially from better range conditions, most feel that the proposal would
not be the best method to achieve this condition. The majority have
stated that the current low forage production is a result of temporary
drought conditions and that voluntary reductions in stocking, recognized
in the lower licensed use are all that is necessary to improve range
conditions. Many feel that the estimated benefits from better forage
conditions and improved livestock distribution through the proposal
3-80
SOCIOECONOMICS
would be offset by allotment consolidation. Some individuals may become
less satisfied with their lifestyle, especially if economic returns are
less. In the short term, most operators would be severely impacted
initially because of the decline in the resale and collateral values of
their livestock operation. Profit resale goals would be reduced.
Therefore, it is the belief of many livestock operators that the pro-
posed action would not be in their best interest. Most, however, are
predicted to continue in the industry.
Urban Attitudes and Values. The urban attitudes and values are not
expected to change to any significant degree. Individuals not engaged
in the industry may find the proposal desirable in view of the prospect
of an increase in wildlife, soil stability, and improved visual appear-
ance of the range.
3-81
TABLE 3-19
Annual Short Term Impacts - Average Medium Operator
Existing
3-year
Proposed
Average
Average
(dollars)
(dollars)
INCOME
Calf and yearling sales
11,470.00
Cull sales
1,890.00
Pasture rent
1,392.00
GROSS INCOME
14,752.00
EXPENSES
Feed
1,992.00
Grazing fees
1,116.00
Veterinary
. 47.00
Variable expenses
3,155.00
Hired labor
1,095.00
Taxes
1,517.00
Insurance
243.00
Interest
553.00
NO CHANGE
Depreciation
2,326.00
Other fixed expenses
3,201.00
Total fixed expenses
&!935.00
TOTAL EXPENSES
12,090.00
Average cost per cow
115.15
Average cost per AUM
9.60
NET INCOME
Gross income
14,752.00
Total expenses
12,090.00
NET INCOME
2,662.00
Net income per cow
25.35
Net income per AUM
2.11
Average number of cows
105
Note: Short-term impacts are considered as being less than one complete
grazing cycle and would occur upon implementation of the proposal.
3-82
TABLE 3-20
Annual Long Term Impacts - Average Medium Operator
-fe
Without3
Proposal
(dollars)
With1
Proposal
(dollars)
Percent
INCOME
Calf and yearling sales
Cull sales
Pasture rent
GROSS INCOME
Net change
EXPENSES
Feed
Grazing fees
Veterinary
Variable expenses
Net change
Total fixed expenses
TOTAL EXPENSES
Net change
Average cost per cow
Average cost per AUM
8,602.00
1,417.00
1,740.00
11,759.00
15,484.00^
2,551.00;;
3,132. oo;;
21,167. 00c
+9,408.00
80
1,494.00
837.00
35.00
2,366.00
2,689.00^
1,507.007
63.00c
4,259.00c
+1,893.00
8,935.00
13,194.00
+1,893.00
80
8,935.00
11,301.00
17
143.05
11.92
92.92
7.74
NET INCOME
Gross income
Total expenses
NET INCOME
11,759.00
11,301.00
458.00
21,167.00
13,194.00
?;973.00
Net income per cow
Net income per AUM
5.80
.48
56.15
4.68
Average number of cows
79d
142
Note: Long term impacts are considered as occurring after one grazing
cycle through the attainment of objective time frame (24 years) and the
implementation interval (5 years).
Includes the future as viewed 29 years from present with continuing
existing management. It is based on predicted levels of forage
.production at that time.
Based on a potential 80 percent increase in operator Base Property
Qualifications.
dIt is assumed figures would change proportionate to change in AUMs.
This is lower than the existing level represented in Chapter 2.
3-83
TABLE 3-21
Annual Short Term Impacts - Large Operator
Existing 3-
Year Average
(dollars)
Proposed"
Average
(dollars)
Percent
INCOME
Livestock production 24,944.00
and cull sales
Return to operator 3,258.00
Other 7,195.00
GROSS INCOME 35,397.00
Net change
EXPENSES
Feed 2,892.00
Grazing fees 2,951.00
Veterinary 195.00
Trucking 832.00
Variable expense 6,870.00
Net change
Fixed expenses 19,118.00
TOTAL EXPENSES 25,988.00
Net change
COSTS
Total expenses 25,988.00
Return to operator 3,258.00
TOTAL COST 29,246.00
Net change
Cost per cow 101.55
Cost per AUM 8.46
NET INCOME
Gross income 35,397.00
Total expense -25,988.00
NET INCOME 9,409.00
Net change
Net income per cow 32.8
Net income per AUM 2.77
Average number of cows 288
34,672. 00u
4,529. 00b
7,195.00
46,396.00
+10,999.00
4,020. 00^
4,102.00°
271.00°
1,156.00°,
9,549.00°
+2,679.00
19,118.00
28,667.00
+2,679.00
28,667.00
4,529.00
33,196.00
+3,950.00
64.08
5.34
46,396.00
•28,667.00
17,719.00
+8,325.00
34.23
2.85
518
31
39
10
14
188
Note: Short-term impacts are considered as being less than one complete
grazing cycle and would occur upon implementation of the proposal.
.Based on a 39 percent increase in large operator 1976 licensed use.
It is assumed figures would change proportionate to change in AUMs.
3-84
TABLE 3-22
Annual Long
Term Impacts - Large
Operator
h
Without
With
Proposal
Proposal
(dollars)
(dollars)
Percent
INCOME
c
Livestock production and
18,708.00
29,746.00°
cull sales
3,884. 00C
Return to operator
2,443.00
Other
7,195.00
7,195.00
GROSS INCOME
28,346.00
40,825.00
Net change
EXPENSES
+12,479.00
44
3,449.00°
Feed
2,169.00
Grazing fees
2,213.00
3,519.00°
232.00°
992.00
8,122.00°
Veterinary
146.00
Trucking
624.00
Variable expense
5,152.00
Net change
Fixed expenses
+2,970.00
58
19,118.00
19,118.00
TOTAL EXPENSES
24,270.00
27,240.00
Net change
COSTS
+2,970.00
12
Total expenses
24,270.00
27,240.00
Return to operator
2,443.00
3,884.00
TOTAL COST
26,713.00
31,124.00
Net change
+4,411.00
17
Cost per cow
101.55
93.92
Cost per AUM
8.46
7.83
NET INCOME
Gross income
28,346.00
40,825.00
Total expense
-24,270.00
27,240.00
NET INCOME
4,076.00
13,585.00
Net change
Net income per cow
+9,509.00
39.61
233
18.87
Net income per AUM
1.57
3.30
Average number of cows
216d
343
Note: Long term impacts are considered as occurring after one grazing
cycle through the attainment of objective time frame (24 years) and the
implementation interval (5 years).
Includes the future as viewed 29 years from present with continuing
existing management. It is based on predicted levels of forage produc-
tion at that time.
Based on potential 59 percent increase in large operator Base Property
Qualifications.
.It is assumed figures would change proportionate to change in AUMs.
n"his is lower than the existing levels represented in Chapter 2.
3-85
CHAPTER 4
MITIGATING MEASURES NOT
INCLUDED IN THE PROPOSED ACTION
CHAPTER 4
MITIGATING MEASURES
INTRODUCTION
The mitigating measures proposed in this chapter would be committed
by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), if the proposed action is imple-
mented. The following measures are considered feasible and necessary
over and above those measures addressed in Chapter 1, i.e., decisions in
the Management Framework Plan (MFP), general and specific design restric-
tions, BLM manuals such as visual resource management guidelines and
construction guidelines, regulatory requirements such as adjusting
stocking rates within grazing capacities, protection of antiquities, and
protection of threatened and endangered plants and animals.
Table 4-1 summarizes mitigating measures developed for impacts that
would occur on portions of 21 allotments. The resource affected and an
evaluation of the effectiveness of the mitigation are included in the
table. The narrative following the table describes the impact, need for
mitigation, and type of measures taken by each resource in summary form.
Allotments having negative impacts for which no mitigating measures have
been identified are covered either in Chapter 5 or Chapter 8.
4-1
MITIGATION
SOILS
Soils with high erosion potentials would need to be protected to
avoid accelerating soil loss caused by construction or improvement of
springs, troughs, wells, and catchments. Special precautions would need
to be taken on 2,280 acres proposed for vegetative manipulation where
soils are shallow and have low water-holding capacities and/or high
erosion potentials.
Stream bank erosion caused by physical stream bank damage can be
mitigated by fencing heavily used areas to exclude livestock (when land
ownership patterns permit) if the proposed action does not improve the
riparian condition and trend after one full grazing cycle (3 years).
Soil erosion would be accelerated on allotments where the vegeta-
tion is impacted. Mitigating measures which benefit vegetation would
also improve soil conditions (table 4-1).
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4-7
MITIGATION
VEGETATION
The proposed grazing system for Dagget Flat Allotment allows for
cattle to drift from one pasture to another which would result in utili-
zation of two pastures at the same time for part of the use period.
Because cattle prefer grazing on the existing seeding, heavy grazing
would continue on the first pasture used. The situation could be miti-
gated by moving the livestock from one pasture to the second and closing
the gate when proper utilization is obtained.
The proposed management systems were designed for improvement in
general vegetation. This would be accomplished in the area as a whole,
but certain riparian areas used by livestock would still remain static
or deteriorate. Livestock numbers could be greatly reduced and still
have an adverse impact on a small area around water.
Because specific information on the response of riparian areas to
the proposed grazing and resting treatments is limited, transects would
be established in certain areas. If the proposed action does not
improve the riparian habitat condition and trend after one full grazing
cycle on the allotments shown in table 4-1, then fences would be con-
structed to control livestock around riparian areas where land ownership
patterns permit.
4-8
WILDLIFE
WILDLIFE
Certain mitigating measures for vegetation, soils, and water
resources would also reduce adverse impacts on wildlife. The allotments
affected and the mitigating measures are shown in table 4-1.
In the 1 year out of 3 that livestock graze the tortoise areas in
the spring, some competition for annual forage would occur between the
cattle and tortoise. The objective in the Beaver Dam Allotment Manage-
ment Plan (AMP) is to ensure that adequate forage remains for the tor-
toise after the livestock are taken off. No utilization limit was set
for cattle on total annual forage production. The mitigating measure
would be to determine the total annual production and monitor utiliza-
tion to provide available annual forage for the tortoise when livestock
leave the area at the end of April.
Loss of riparian vegetation also means a loss of habitat for small
mammals and birds. The decline of riparian areas in the Virgin, Fort
Pierce, and Red Cliffs Allotments will be mitigated by monitoring the
condition and trend of the riparian vegetation, and fencing to exclude
livestock if these areas do not show an improving trend after one graz-
ing cycle.
4-9
MITIGATION
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES
There are several streams with existing fisheries' habitat con-
taining endangered, sensitive, and sport fishes, where early considera-
tion would be given to providing needed protection measures to further
manage livestock grazing, such as fencing. In these as well as other
areas, a monitoring program as needed would be established in order to
determine existing condition and trend of the riparian and fisheries'
habitat and management objectives. Fisheries' habitat would be moni-
tored before, during, and after implementation of the proposed action.
A monitoring plan is being developed utilizing an interdisciplinary team
approach. Study procedures, evaluation, and monitoring would be in
accordance with BLM manual requirements.
In addition, the program would be designed to accomplish certain
other management needs: determine baseline information by fencing
small, selected sites along representative habitat (conditions); deter-
mine interrelationships of conditions from one allotment to another and
impacts from any combination of grazing systems proposed along indivi-
dual streams by focusing on streams as a whole; determine impacts caused
by various grazing systems on stream hydrogeomorphology reflecting
different habitat conditions, i.e., poor, fair, good, excellent; and
establish data base useful for future management of fisheries and ripa-
rian habitat on other public lands.
The MFP objective and recommendation to protect the riparian and
aquatic habitat is summarized in table 1-11 under Wildlife Activity Part
B. This summary makes it clear that water sources and riparian habitat
areas would be monitored before, during, and after implementation, and
if the proposed action (AMPs) does not improve the riparian and aquatic
habitat in one complete cycle (usually 3 years), management steps as
necessary would be taken to achieve objectives for the fish and riparian
habitat areas, such as fencing in critical habitat areas.
4-10
CULTURAL RESOURCES
CULTURAL RESOURCES
Specific known areas of impact would receive the mitigating mea-
sures shown in table 4-1. Other areas are mitigated by design restric-
tions in Chapter 1.
4-11
MITIGATION
LAND USE
Recreation. In authorized off-road-vehicle (ORV) areas such as Sand
Mountain, fences would be installed to contrast with the natural sur-
roundings so that fencelines would be visible.
Livestock Grazing. Little, if any mitigation appears to be feasible
with the current management intensity, economic status, and forage
production.
Wilderness. Much of the visual intrusion which would result from con-
struction and maintenance of the proposed range improvements would be
effectively reduced and in some cases, eliminated by design restrictions
listed in Chapter 1. Although adverse affects to wilderness values
would persist, the intensity of surface disturbance and maintenance
activity can be further reduced to a point that would be more compatible
with wilderness management.
Springs, Pipelines, Fences, or Water Troughs. Maintenance or
construction work would be accomplished without the use of motorized
vehicles in those areas found suitable for wilderness designation.
Well Maintenance. Vehicles traveling to the well site for mainten-
ance purposes would use one trail only, with travel for the leasee
limited solely for well maintenance, and trail access restricted by a
locked gate where the trail enters a designated wilderness sector.
Tanks and Troughs. All tanks or troughs approved for location in
designated wilderness sectors would be screened from view by natural
vegetation (pinyon-juniper trees) and/or by topographic factors such as
in small depressions on the landscape or by surface rock outcrops.
Reservoirs. In case of washout requiring reservoir reconstruction,
a bulldozer would be "walked in" (blade in the air) and no surface or
vegetative clearing would be permitted. Reconstruction would be accomp-
lished in as short a period of time as possible after the ground surface
is dry and when feasible during a low recreational use season.
4-12
SOCIOECONOMICS
SOCIOECONOMICS
Mitigating measures to offset socioeconomic impacts have not been
identified. Any socioeconomic mitigation would be a result of an
increase in management intensity on the part of the livestock operator.
4-13
CHAPTER 5
ANY ADVERSE IMPACTS WHICH CANNOT
BE AVOIDED SHOULD THE PROPOSAL BE IMPLEMENTED
CHAPTER 5
ADVERSE IMPACTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED
SHOULD THE PROPOSAL BE IMPLEMENTED
INTRODUCTION
Implementation of the proposed action would result in certain
unavoidable adverse impacts. These are residual impacts remaining after
application of mitigating measures described in Chapter 4.
5-1
UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE
SOILS
Short-term impacts to soils would cause an increase in erosion on
182,662 acres; infiltration would be reduced on 116,641 acres (table
3-2). Construction of range developments would offset a short-term soil
disturbance on 5,255 acres (table 3-12). Soils on most allotments would
be expected to improve over time and with mitigating measures described
in Chapter 4. Table 5-1 shows those allotments where erosion would
continue in the long term.
Ten allotments would have unmitigated adverse impacts (table 5-2)
resulting in an increase of erosion, decrease in fertility, and a
decrease in infiltration if the proposed action is implemented as
planned.
Chapter 8, Alternative 7 includes an alternative plan to overcome
the adverse impacts on these allotments.
5-2
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5-4
TABLE 5-2
Unavoidable Impacts to Soils by Allotment
Maximum Total Public
Allotment Name Land Acres Affected
Apex Slope (winter pasture) 2,986
Black Canyon (custodial) 600
Box Canyon (custodial) 659
Dal ton Wash (custodial) 855
Fault (custodial) 785
Herd House (custodial) 480
Hurricane (custodial) 160
Hurricane Mesa (custodial) 3,521
North Grafton (custodial) 500
White Dome (custodial) 984
TOTAL 11,530
5-5
UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE
VEGETATION
Short-term vegetative impacts are associated with individual graz-
ing treatments, primarily the removal of vegetation during a prescribed
period of use (Chapter 3). In the long term, most impacts would be
mitigated with the resting and rotational sequences proposed in the
various grazing systems and with mitigating measures developed in Chap-
ter 4. The construction of range developments would also result in
short-term impacts to vegetation on 5,255 acres (table 3-12). Over time
and with the design restrictions (described in Chapter 1) developed for
specific range developments, unavoidable adverse impacts to vegetation
resulting from construction of range developments would be minimal.
Twenty seven proposed allotments containing 64,494 acres of public
land would continue to decline in vegetative condition. This decline
would occur because proposed stocking rates exceed the surveyed grazing
capacity on these allotments, there is no competition between deer and
livestock for browse or imbalances in the stocking rate by pastures, and
seasons of use do not allow for periodic completion of plant growth. In
addition, imbalances in the grazing capacity of pastures and seasons-of-
use that do not allow for periodic completion of plant growth contribute
to the decline in vegetation on these allotments. No mitigating measure
would be proposed for a portion of one allotment which contains 1,410
acres. However, 26 proposed allotments, containing 47,087 acres, have
alternative measures outlined in Chapter 8, Alternative 7, that reduce
or eliminate some adverse impacts. Table 5-1 indicates those allotments
where adverse impacts to vegetation would occur.
5-6
WILDLIFE
WILDLIFE
The long-term decrease in browse in 18 allotments (table 5-1),
would eventually lower the carrying capacity for deer. This would
result in competition between cattle and deer for browse in those allot-
ments that are important or critical to deer (table 3-13) and have fall
and/or winter livestock use. Of the total 17,081 AUMs available for
wildlife in the entire ES area, the carrying capacity could eventually
be lowered approximately 985 AUMs in 13 of the 18 allotments that are
critical to deer. The additional 43 miles of fence would be an un-
avoidable hazard to deer (Chapter 3). However, the total impact of the
fences on mortality and restrictions of movement would be negligible to
the overall population.
Unavoidable adverse impacts to quail on nine allotments (table 5-1)
would result from a decrease in annuals and forbs due to natural com-
petition with livestock (table 3-13) and the subsequent reduced avail-
ability to quail. All nine allotments are important quail habitat
(table 3-13).
The short-term impacts of animal competition for forage in 29
allotments (table 3-13), when over 50 percent of the current year's
growth is used by livestock in those pastures being grazed, cannot be
avoided.
In those 20 allotments where range trend and production would
continue to decline, loss of cover and food for small mammals and birds
would be unavoidable.
The decline in 5,120 acres of tortoise habitat outside the Woodbury
Desert Study Area, particularly in areas of livestock concentration,
would continue and the adverse impacts on the remaining 400 to 500
tortoises would be unavoidable.
5-7
UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES
Water Resources. Long-term, adverse impacts to water quality could
occur in areas not subject to the monitoring program identified in
Chapter 4. These areas would probably be restricted to areas having
intermittent stream flows, riparian communities, and fishery habitat.
Short-term, adverse impacts to water quality could occur in the streams
where monitoring would be conducted. It would require a short period of
time before changes would be discovered. In addition, a short time
interval, when impacts could occur would exist until necessary estab-
lished mitigating measures became effective.
Fisheries. During the first cycle of a grazing management system, some
short-term adverse impacts to fisheries habitat would occur as described
in Chapter 3. Benefits gained during rest periods could be lost after
grazing resumed. Continuation of short-term impacts would occur until
they were identified through monitoring, mitigating measures were imple-
mented, and the mitigation became effective in reducing or eliminating
the adverse impacts. The nature and magnitude of any unavoidable ad-
verse impacts would depend upon the final selection of a mitigating
measure.
LAND USE
LAND USE
Implementing the proposed action could result in revision of some
ranch management plans, plus the increased possibility of land exchanges
or sales.
Change in land usage as a result of elimination of livestock from
certain areas cannot be avoided.
Recreation. Off-road vehicle use across portions of Sand Mountain would
be restricted by the proposed fencing in that area.
Visual Resources. In chained areas, there would be a period of 2 or 3
years before uniform ground cover would be established. During the
interim, brush piles and disturbed areas would be conspicuous.
New fencelines would be noticeable by any viewer for several hun-
dred yards even when fenceposts are of earthtone colors. Buried water
pipelines would create a temporary scar about 2 feet wide until vegeta-
tion became established.
Wilderness. Unavoidable adverse impacts which could result from live-
stock grazing and development projects are outlined in table 5-3.
Specific project proposals which may occur in potential wilderness areas
must be analyzed following the results of an accelerated wilderness
inventory to determine te impacts to:
a. Primitive and unconfined recreation
b. Outstanding opportunities for solitude
c. Naturalness of the area
d. Ecological, geological, scientific, educational, scenic, and
historical values
Livestock. As a general rule, the proposed action would not present
major unavoidable adverse impacts to livestock management. However,
some minor impacts would occur. Lower production from animals could
result from forcing them onto different feed, into new surroundings and
denying them access to regrowth generated in pastures grazed earlier in
the year (Hormay, 1970). The consolidation of allotments would force
some changes in current breeding practices. Permittees in consolidated
5-9
UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE
TABLE 5-3
Adverse Impacts Which Could Not Be Fully Mitigated
Project Nature and Duration of Adverse Impacts to Wilderness Values"
Spring Minor short duration construction impact; no affect after
several years.
Pipeline Short duration construction; no impact after several years.
Well Some impacts resulting from regular maintenance by vehicle
and by pump engine noise.
Rainfall Very little mitigation of impact is possible.
Catchment
Tank or Adverse impact can be almost entirely mitigated at time of
Trough construction.
Reservoir Any reservoir reconstruction would involve entry by heavy
machinery and localized surface disturbance at the reservoir
site.
Fence Some low intensity visual impact would persist.
Cattle- Nonapplicable; cattleguards would only be placed on existing
guard roads.
Trail Minor impact.
Seeding/ Although some impacts to visual resources can be reduced,
Chaining this type project would be very noti cable as a man-created
intrusion within a wilderness zone, and is not compatible
with wilderness management objectives. In this region, the
effects of chaining may take up to 100 years to overcome the
affects of the intrusion.
Livestock Trampling of vegetation near watering areas, sound and smell
Grazing of animals and body waste in areas of high concentration.
Degraded stream banks and riparian woody covpr. Increase in
flies in areas of high livestock concentration.
allotments would have to agree on establishing breeding seasons. The
change in season-of-use would present some problems with ranch stabil-
ity; these individuals would probably be forced to reduce herd size
and/or feed livestock during this period of change.
5-10
CULTURAL RESOURCES
CULTURAL RESOURCES
Recommended mitigating measures would minimize adverse impacts to
cultural resources. However, damage to unknown sites and subsurface
sites not discovered during project surveillance would be almost certain
to occur. In cases where salvage mitigation is required, the impact
would not be fully mitigated. Salvage of cultural resources is an
avoidable adverse impact. Once excavated, a site is effectively
destroyed and removed from future research considerations which may
utilize new techniques.
5-11
UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE
SOCIOECONOMICS
As shown in table 5-4, all of the unavoidable adverse impacts would
occur in the short term. Only the small scale operations are expected
to decline in annual net income. With the proposed action, it is anti-
cipated that this scale would receive negative returns. All operation
scales would decline in capital value. With the existing management
intensity and market conditions, these unavoidable adverse impacts are
expected to force the less economically efficient operations to sell out
to those more economical units.
TABLE 5-4
Unavoidable Adverse Impacts by Scale of Operation
Total Small Medium Large
Net Incomea
Total short-term net $ (318) $ (6,395) e e
income change
Total long-term net e e e e
income change
Capital Valuea d
Total short-term . $(70,615) $(20,021) $(28,049) $(22,545)
capital value change
Total long-term e e e e
capital value change
Includes future as viewed 29 years from present with continuing exist-
ing management. It is based on predicted levels of forage production
. at that time.
Short-term impacts are considered as being less than one complete
grazing cycle and would occur upon implementation of the proposal.
Long-term impacts are considered as occurring after one grazing cycle
through the attainment of objective time frame (24 years) and the imple-
mentation interval (5 years).
It is assumed values per Animal Unit Month (AUM) would not change.
Positive or no change in value.
5-12
CHAPTER 6
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT
AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY
CHAPTER 6
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT
AND MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses productivity of the environment which would
be affected by the implementation and operation of intensive livestock
management, i.e., allotment management plans, custodial management, and
elimination of grazing. The proposed action would be a long-term,
reversible commitment to losses of water, soil, vegetation, and wildlife
resources. These resource losses would be committed or have been sub-
jected to various tradeoffs in the short term, but nearly all can be
reversed.
For the purpose of evaluating the effect of the proposed action
over a longer time period to put the commitment of resources into per-
spective, different time frames are used in this chapter.
Short term refers to that period of time (20 to 30 years) during
which most of the proposed action would be accomplished. Long term
refers to the time after attainment of proposed objectives when subse-
quent effects of the proposed action would still impact the environment.
Previously in Chapter 3, short-term impacts were considered to be one
grazing cycle and long-term impacts were evaluated after objectives had
been reached.
6-1
SHORT-TERM LONG-TERM
SOILS AND VEGETATION
During the first 5 years, approximately 5,251 acres of land would
be disturbed by proposed range developments, including vegetative manip-
ulation. However, within 20 to 30 years, these developments would
improve the productivity of the area over present production levels and
over time the losses incurred during the first 5 years would be
recovered.
The proposed grazing systems would improve the vegetative produc-
tivity by an additional 5,622 animal unit months (AUMs) of livestock
forage over present production in the long term. Benefits would occur
in the form of increased vegetative cover and composition of forage
species for wildlife and livestock. Increased infiltration and fertil-
ity would occur and erosion would decrease on 466,436 acres.
6-2
WILDLIFE
WILDLIFE
At the present time, there is sufficient forage for deer in most of
the area. This situation is expected to continue. However, where the
proposed action causes a long-term compositional change to grasses in
important deer areas, a loss of desirable browse species and a decline
in deer carrying capacity would result. If this occurs, adjustments in
forage allocation and changes in the grazing systems may be needed to
meet land use planning objectives.
Small mammals and birds would most likely benefit from the proposal
due to the anticipated increase in cover, perennial grasses, and addi-
tional water developments. The proposed action would decrease the
abundance of forbs and annuals, a desirable plant food for quail.
However, the long-term adverse impact due to loss of forbs for quail
would be partially offset by improved cover and additional water.
6-3
SHORT-TERM LONG-TERM
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES
Water Resources. Ninety- three percent of the public lands in the ES
area would have a 10 to 20-percent reduction of erosion in the long term
(see Soils section). This reduction would apply to the watershed as a
whole. This is expected to decrease the total sediment load in the
drainages. Reduction in erosion immediately adjacent to the major water
courses would be less, although estimated values are not available.
Fisheries. The proposed action could result in short-term (3 years),
adverse impacts which would be identified during monitoring phases. In
the long term, implementation of necessary mitigating measures would
correct these situations.
6-4
CULTURAL RESOURCES
CULTURAL RESOURCES
Inventory and assessment of prehistoric and historic resources
directly affected by the proposal would provide immediate gains in
scientific knowledge of the area and provide a data base for long-term
gains.
Long-term loss of scientific data could occur if an inventory did
not discover a surface site and it was subsequently destroyed during
construction of proposed range developments.
6-5
SHORT-TERM LONG-TERM
LAND USE
The interrelationship between the Forest Service and Bureau of Land
Management, explained in Chapter 1 relating to periods of use, would not
be significantly affected by the proposed action in the short or long
term. Basic seasons of use would remain similar to the now existing
periods and would not disrupt or interfere with use made by the permit-
tees on FS ranges. Although there might be a lag period of several
weeks, either in the fall or summer, when BLM permittees would have to
find additional pasturage, in all likelihood, their existing base ranch-
ing operations or rented pastures could provide this accommodation. In
most instances, the reduced livestock numbers resulting from the imple-
mentation of the proposed action would not interfere with existing
levels of use on FS lands.
The interrelationship between the BLM proposal and the cooperative
effort with the permittees and SCS would not be drastically affected.
In all likelihood, cooperative efforts between SCS and livestockmen to
develop ranch plans to enhance their basic livestock operations on
private holdings would be complementary. In situations where BLM
requires reduced seasons of use, any enhancement of the productive
capacity of te permittees' base properties created by a cooperative SCS
ranch plan would be beneficial since the BLM permittee must find an
additional source of feed for his livestock when they are off BLM ranges.
If lands should be withdrawn for the Bureau of Reclamation desalini-
zation plant, then 545 acres out of a total of 3,523 contained within
the Sandstone Mountain and Sand Hills allotments, along with 17 AUMs out
of a total of 121, would no longer be available for livestock grazing.
While overall management objectives for this ES would not be affected,
such a withdrawal would present a conflict with proposed BLM management
decisions and levels of grazing use for these two allotments.
If the proposed Warner Valley project should materialize, the
locations of the reservoir site, powerplant site, and right-of-way
corridors would affect the proposed grazing management in the Dome and
6-6
LAND USE
Fort Pierce Allotments. Approximately 4,872 acres of public land and
284 AUMs would be involved. In addition, the proposed alignment of the
canal transporting water to the reservoir would cross the Sand Mountain
Allotment, and would cause conflicts with the location of range develop-
ments.
Conflicts could arise on pasture alignment, improvement location,
and grazing capacity. Existing range developments would also be
affected.
Recreation. In the long run, some increases could be expected in wild-
life populations resulting in better hunting opportunities and viewing
but the change over existing opportunities would be limited. Opportun-
ities would remain stable in the short term and increase slightly over
time as improved topsoil conditions and rested pastures allow more
successful reproduction of vegetation unique to the Hot Desert area.
Fencelines on Sand Mountain would restrict off-road-vehicle (ORV)
users in both the short and long term.
In the LaVerkin Creek area, improved wildlife habitat would also
improve related recreational values such as wildlife viewing and hunting.
Visual Resource. Some scenic changes would occur in the short term
where fencelines, pipelines, reservoirs, etc., are proposed. In the
long term these surface disturbances should not cause significant land-
scape changes.
Chaining would immediately result in a noticeable landscape change
which would be visible for several years. The line of contrast between
presently forested areas and chained grassy areas would be long-lived
although chaining boundary design would minimize this long-term impact.
Wilderness. The reduction in primitive values resulting from installa-
tion of range improvements would not necessarily be permanent because
the land could be returned to a near natural state. Table 5-3 outlines
the nature and duration of potential impacts to wilderness areas.
Livestock. The proposal would not affect general land uses. In the
short term, some ranching operations could use their private lands more
intensively for forage production because of public land grazing permit
6-7
SHORT-TERM LONG-TERM
reductions. In the long term, stocking rates could be restored to
present levels or exceed them when potential forage production is
reached.
Grazed pastures would be less desirable for recreation use during
the grazing season because of livestock presence. In areas where live-
stock use has been eliminated, such as portions of LaVerkin Creek and
North Creek, recreation use will be enhanced. The long-term improvement
of vegetation, watershed, and wildlife habitat should improve recreation
opportunities in the unit and enhance the visual resource.
6-8
SOCIOECONOMICS
SOCIOECONOMICS
The proposed action would have some short-term adverse economic
impacts on ranchers. Loss of base property qualifications would affect
the value of their operation and their income flow. By providing a
reliable forage supply, both the quantity and quality of livestock
forage should improve in the long term and consequently improve the
economic condition of livestock operations.
6-9
CHAPTER 7
IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENT OF RESOURCES
CHAPTER 7
IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES
INTRODUCTION
This chapter identifies the irreversible and irretrievable commit-
ment of resources resulting from the proposed action. The term irrevers-
ible is defined as use that is incapable of being reversed: once some-
thing is initiated, it would continue. The term irretrievable means
irrecoverable: once something is used, it is not replaceable.
Human resources used in implementing this proposal are considered
to be irreversible and irretrievable. Monies, fuel, and materials used
to develop the proposal are considered to be irretrievable.
Any archaeological, historical, scenic, or cultural values that may
be inadvertently destroyed as a result of the proposed action are also
considered to be irretrievable. Because development of the soil
resource has occurred over hundreds of years, any soils eroded as a
result of the proposed action are considered to be irretrievable.
Except as noted above, all other resources involved in this proposal are
retrievable and/or reversible. These include such resources as live-
stock, wildlife, and vegetation.
7-1
IRRE VERS IBLE - IRRETRIEVABLE
SOILS
Any topsoil that is lost by erosion as a direct result of construc-
tion activities and the first cycle of grazing would be irretrievable.
However, long-term erosion losses under the proposed action are
estimated to be reduced by 10 to 20 percent (Chapter 3).
7-2
VEGETATION
VEGETATION
Under the proposed action, grazing by domestic livestock and wild-
life would consume 34,250 animal unit months (AUMs) of forage annually
(Appendix II). However, this is a renewable resource and is retrievable
and reversible. Construction of range developments and vegetative
treatments would remove approximately 5,251 acres of natural vegetation
for the life of the improvements or treatments. This is considered to
be an irretrievable but not irreversible commitment.
7-3
IRREVERSIBLE - IRRETRIEVABLE
WILDLIFE
Wildlife populations are considered to be renewable resources and
are retrievable, providing their habitat is not irreversibly altered.
Wildlife habitat is considered renewable and reversible. Each year,
13,483 AUMs (Appendix II) of forage for wildlife would be consumed (see
Vegetation section).
7-4
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES
WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES
Water resources and fisheries are considered renewable and revers-
ible. Healthy, viable fish populations are considered renewable re-
sources and are retrievable providing their habitat is not irreversibly
altered.
Populations of threatened, endangered, and sensitive fish species
are not considered renewable even though initial habitat alterations
would be reversible.
The proposed action would not irreversibly affect water quantity or
quality and it would not irreversibly affect fisheries, including endan-
gered or sensitive species.
7-5
IRREVERSIBLE - IRRETRIEVABLE
CULTURAL RESOURCES
Proposed livestock grazing and range developments could disturb
certain cultural resources. Once disturbed, historical and archaeo-
logical sites, as well as artifacts, are no longer available for future
study. This could result in a data gap in the history of an area and
would be considered an irretrievable commitment.
7-6
LAND USE
LAND USE
Recreation and Visual Resources. There should be no significant irre-
versible or irretrievable commitment of recreational or visual resources
following implementation of the proposed action.
Wilderness. There would not necessarily be an irreversible or irretriev-
able loss of wilderness characteristics resulting from livestock grazing
or construction and maintenance of range developments. However, the
precedent of land use caused by installation of range improvements may
result in more intensive range management practices in the future.
7-7
IRREVERSIBLE - IRRETRIEVABLE
SOCIOECONOMICS
The major irreversible and irretrievable commitment would involve
the costs associated with installation, maintenance, and administration
of the proposal. Once the expenditures are made, those particular funds
would not be available for other alternative public programs. An addi-
tional irretrievable commitment would include the labor associated with
the proposal. Irretrievable losses of tax revenue would occur where
reductions are made in livestock use.
7-8
CHAPTER 8
ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION
CHAPTER 8
ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION
INTRODUCTION
The following seven alternatives to the proposed action are
addressed in this chapter:
1. Elimination of all livestock grazing
2. No action
3. Restricted grazing during growing season
4. Limited livestock grazing during first grazing cycle
5. Delayed implementation of the proposed action
6. Increased potential livestock utilization
7. Reduction of negative impacts on selected allotments
For all alternatives, stocking rates would not exceed the proper
carrying capacity. Allotments proposed for elimination in the proposed
action would not change in each of the alternatives; also, areas pres-
ently unalloted for grazing (Chapter 1) would not change in each alter-
native.
Standard mitigating measures identified in Chapter 1 and those
specific resource measures addressed in Chapter 4 would apply to alter-
natives 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.
The alternatives were selected to provide a broad analysis spectrum
and range from complete elimination of grazing to high intensity manage-
ment which would be achieved through additional development for live-
stock production. Figure 8-1 indicates the relative position of each
alternative in this context and its relation to the proposed action.
The following discussion describes each alternative and its impacts
by resource. A summary is also provided at the end of this chapter
which compares the impacts of each alternative with those of other
alternatives, as well as with the proposed action.
8-1
ALTERNATIVES
HIGH-LEVEL
NO | 2 3 4 5 6 7 GRAZING
GRAZING I I I I I i I I MANAGEMENT
PROPOSED ACTION
Figure 8-1
RANGE OF ALTERNATIVES BY DEGREE
OF MANAGEMENT INTENSITY IN
RELATION TO THE PROPOSED ACTION
8-2
ALTERNATIVE 1
ALTERNATIVE 1 - ELIMINATION OF ALL LIVESTOCK GRAZING
This alternative would eliminate domestic livestock grazing from
public lands in Washington County. This alternative would reduce soil-,
vegetation-, and wildlife-related negative impacts. The purpose would
be to provide a faster recovery time for these resources as compared to
the proposed action. This alternative presents a broad analytical base
of comparison which when compared to the proposal, would be very low in
grazing management intensity. To achieve complete elimination, State
and private lands would have to be fenced from public land to exclude
livestock. This would result in additional fencing and cost to all
adjacent land owners, both to construct fences and maintain them. Range
use supervision would be limited to control of livestock trespass in
accordance with Federal regulations (43 CFR-9230). Management would be
directed toward basic soil and vegetative resource protection.
No range developments would be completed. Only developments con-
cerned with resource protection such as check dams, or resource enhance-
ment such as wildlife habitat improvement, would be allowed. All vege-
tation would be available for wildlife, watershed protection, and recrea-
tion use.
Soils. Soil compaction, caused by livestock grazing and animal concen-
tration around water sources, will be eliminated and water infiltration
would increase on certain soils. Ground cover of vegetation and litter
would gradually increase and soil loss from erosion would decrease in
certain areas.
Because of the many factors affecting soil erosion plus the limited
influence which livestock grazing has on significantly reducing these
factors (Appendix V), it is expected that those areas having soils with
a high ptential for erosion would cntinue to erode. Elimination of
livestock grazing and the support facilities as proposed, would decrease
erosion on other soils in the ES area, although the decrease would
probably not be large.
8-3
ALTERNATIVES
Vegetation. Complete elimination of grazing on public land would result
in a vegetative composition change favoring the naturally dominant
species. Vegetative changes would tend toward ecological climax.
Generally, perennial plants would increase. Because greater amounts of
litter would accumulate, wildfire fuel would be more abundant. At year
24, the situation illustrated in table 8-1 could be expected. Interpre-
tations of Soil Conservation Service (SCS) ecological site data show
that potential forage production under ecological climax conditions is
estimated to be 48,804 animal unit months (AUMs) (Appendix I). Live-
stock forage production under this alternative would increase toward the
potential but would not be available for livestock grazing.
TABLE 8-1
Expected Situation in Year 24
Under Alternative 1
Livestock Forage Livestock Possibility of
Condition Forage Reaching Potential
Acres Trend Production Livestock Production
529,564 Improving Up No livestock Potential level
forage of production
production reached but not
consumed by
livestock
Wildlife. Because this alternative would result in the recovery of the
vegetation, it would be a beneficial impact. The increased production
would be available for deer, quail, desert tortoise, and all other
wildlife. An increase in forage would not necessarily result in an
increase in wildlife populations because forage is not always the limit-
ing factor. Once a certain limit of available forage was reached, the
animals may become limited by other factors such as available space or
weather, and the excess forage would go unused by wildlife.
8-4
ALTERNATIVE 1
The improvement of mule deer winter range on public land does not
always require the total elimination of all livestock grazing since it
is felt that moderate use by cattle may help to hold a favorable balance
between shrubs and grasses. However, in small areas where winter range
is critical to deer, livestock use could be eliminated, if necessary, to
reduce competition for forage.
This alternative would also have some detrimental impacts. Water
sources developed for livestock and used by wildlife would be lost
unless wildlife funding and personnel were made available to operate and
maintain them.
The additional fence needed to exclude livestock from public land
would increase hazards to deer movements, and fence mortality would
increase over the present. Although these fences built by BLM would be
constructed to Bureau of Land Management (BLM) specifications, some
fences on private land boundaries may not meet wildlife needs.
Water Resources. Reduced demand upon groundwater supplies as a result
of elimination of grazing would allow a small amount of additional water
to be made available for other uses. Recharge and infiltration rates
would increase somewhat.
Riparian vegetation would be expected to show marked improvement;
therefore, sedimentation and water quality would be expected to improve.
However, improvement of fisheries' habitat would be limited in certain
areas due to scouring from continued high- intensity storms, dewatering
from irrigation, and sedimentary and chemical deposition frm irrigation
return flows. Bacteria levels would also decline.
Cultural Resources. Removal of all livestock from public land would
have a positive effect on cultural resources. Ground-disturbing pro-
jects, trampling and secondary sheet erosion impacts would no longer
require mitigation. Project-oriented inventories would not be carried
out, and the data base would not be increased and improved until such
time as inventories would be conducted for other reasons.
Recreation. Increased plant diversity could provide improved botanical
sightseeing value. Off-road vehicle (ORV) use in authorized areas would
8-5
ALTERNATIVES
not be restricted because no pasture fences on public land would be
required. Improved riparian habitat would improve wildlife viewing
opportunities. Many livestock operators could close private access
roads to public recreational use.
Visual Resources. Visual resources would primarily show a slow but
steady change as vegetative cover and composition changed on public
land. Increased plant diversity would create more irregular texture,
pattern, and color combinations than are now seen on the landscape.
Construction and maintenance of additional fencing would create
erratic fencelines on the landscape similar to those that now exist.
Wilderness. The additional fences could adversely affect potential
wilderness areas, however, there would be highly favorable impacts to
primitive and unconfined recreation, outstanding opportunities for
solitude, return to naturalness of the area, and enhancement of the
ecological, scenic, and historical values.
Livestock. This alternative would have a serious impact on the live-
stock operators in the county. If this alternative was implemented,
approximately two-thirds of the operators in the county would lose
28,905 AUMs of licensed qualifications. Very few operators, if any,
could continue with the elimination of public land forage for 5 months.
Most livestock would be sold and the operators would rely on alternative
sources of income.
Socioeconomics. Although livestock grazing in Washington County is
currently playing a decreasing economic role in the county, the elimina-
tion of all livestock grazing could seriously modify the current situa-
tion.
The rural population would not decrease appreciably as a result of
this alternative because few of the current operators' total income is
directly dependent upon livestock.
Some employment trends could change if this alternative was imple-
mented. The total personal and per capita income would not change
significantly.
8-6
ALTERNATIVE 1
Ranch Economics. Since operators would need additional sources of
forage, costs of private, rental, and lease pastures would increase.
Where fencing is necessary, additional costs would be incurred.
Ranch Operations Utilizing Public Land. The elimination of
grazing on public land would alter the current operation of the 108
permittees. Because the average use period on public land is 5 months,
it is not conceivable that alternative pasture and/or feeding could
maintain all the operations. The total net income loss per year would
approximate $40,000 (Socioeconomics section, Chapter 2); the loss in
capital value could exceed $255,000. These figures do not represent
losses if the operation were completely eliminated but only represent
the economic values they generate while on public land.
Small Operation. With the elimination of grazing on
public land, 63 operators together would lose approximately $6,400 in
net income. The loss in capital value would be in excess of $56,000.
Medium Operation. The medium scale would represent the
largest loss if grazing on public land was discontinued. Thirty-five
operators together would lose over $20,000 in annual net income and
$120,000 in the capital value of the permits. Some of these operators
who depend on livestock income for their livelihood would be seriously
impacted.
Large Operation. The 10 large operators would be im-
pacted adversely by the elimination of grazing on public land. This
elimination would result in a combined loss of $13,000 in annual net
income and over $78,000 in capital value of the permits.
Public Attitudes and Values. This alternative would affect most of the
values, goals, and attitudes held by livestock operators. With the loss
of the grazing privileges the resale goals of the unit would be greatly
reduced. Rates of land appreciation would change. In most cases,
income derived from the operation would not satisfy the wants and needs
of the operator.
Existing urban values would not change significantly. Most urban-
ists would feel the action would diminish opportunities for the rural
population.
8-7
ALTERNATIVES
ALTERNATIVE 2 - NO ACTION
This alternative allows for continuing the present level of live-
stock management. This alternative would reduce negative impacts assoc-
iated with the proposed range developments. Compared to the proposed
action, this alternative would not provide for rapid vegetative recovery,
but would slow the deteriorating resource conditions. Grazing manage-
ment intensity would be low; the only change would be to reduce the
livestock stocking rates from 28,905 AUMs to 19,759 AUMs. There would
still be the same number of allotments as under present management. No
range developments other than those projects necessary to arrest dete-
riorating range conditions through range rehabilitation, protection, and
improvement would be completed. Management of other resources would not
be restricted.
Soils. Under this alternative, all allotments proposed for custodial
management or elimination of grazing would be managed the same as under
the proposed action and expected changes in erosion and infiltration
rates would be similar.
On all other areas, compaction would not change or could decrease
slightly from the present situation because of proposed reduction in
animal numbers.
Erosion rates are expected to change very little from the present
situation. Steep and erodable soils would continue to erode. Stream
banks and riparian areas would continue to deteriorate from livestock
use and concentration.
Some productive potential would eventually be lost, affecting the
ability of the soil to support plants for cover.
Vegetation. This alternative would not change the vegetative situation
a great deal. The reduction in stocking rates would allow for mainten-
ance or improvement in certain areas. This improvement would be limited
to areas furthest from water and not as easily accessible to livestock.
Areas that receive the heaviest use would continue to decline from
grazing during the growing season. Table 8-2 shows a detailed impact
8-8
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ALTERNATIVES
analysis of the no action alternative which reflects the existing situa-
tion (Chapter 2). Except as noted in table 8-2, most allotments are
used continuously each year and at the same season. Table 2-15 shows
the existing season of use by allotment. Most of the vegetation is
presently declining and would continue to decline but at a slightly
slower rate than under present grazing intensity. Three allotments,
Little Plain, Canaan Gap, and Goosberry, would show improved condition
with an increase in perennial grasses. Seventeen allotments, with a
total of 30,604 acres, would remain unchanged while the other 483,073
acres would continue to decline. Palatable species such as Brigham tea
and curly grass would lose vigor and decline in density. Unpalatable
species such as snakeweed and annuals would increase. At year 24, the
situation in table 8-3 is expected. It is expected that livestock
forage production would be reduced 14 percent from the existing produc-
tion level of 19,759 AUMs (Appendix VII) to 16,953 AUMs.
TABLE 8-3
Expected Situation in Year 24 Under Alternative 2
Livestock Forage Livestock Possibility of
Condition Forage Reaching Potential
Acres Trend Production Livestock Production
Good
Poor
15,887
Improving
Up
Increasing
30,604
No change
No change
No change
483,073
Declining
Down
Declining
Wildlife. With this alternative, overall wildlife habitat would decline
from the present situation but at a slightly slower rate because of the
reduction in use. Perennial grasses and browse would decrease in areas
of heavy livestock use, lowering the quality of habitat for deer, small
8-14
ALTERNATIVE 2
mammals and birds. Areas would improve where livestock use is reduced
because of suitability. The net impact on quail habitat is expected to
be insignificant except in riparian areas used by livestock where it
would decline. The desert tortoise habitat would continue to decline.
Water Resources. This alternative would create a gradual increase in
sediment levels over the long term due to the overall downward trend in
range condition and riparian habitat areas.
Fisheries. Where fisheries' habitat would be exposed to continued live-
stock grazing and concentration, the habitat would be subjected to
uncontrolled utilization of riparian vegetation and stream bank deter-
ioration through trampling, with no opportunities provided for improved
habitat conditions. No data are available to show the habitat or popu-
lation trends of fisheries in the ES area. However, based on past and
current studies on determination of impacts on fisheries from livestock
grazing, it can be readily assumed that with a continued decline in
riparian and aquatic habitat conditions, a corresponding decline and/or
elimination of fish populations can be expected.
Cultural Resources. The damage to any archaeological sites being
trampled by livestock would continue. Since an intensive cultural
resources inventory has not yet been completed, the number and signifi-
cance of sites currently being adversely impacted by livestock trampling
is unknown. Sheet erosion, as a result of decreased cover, would con-
tinue to damage any sites that are being washed away and redeposited.
Recreation. There would not be a significant change in recreational
activity in the area.
Visual Resources. There would be no change in visual resources.
Wilderness. Since this alternative would continue negatively impacting
the ecological, scenic, and historical values and naturalness of the
area through the continued degradation of vegetation and soils, it would
result in loss of wilderness areas.
Livestock. This alternative would reduce livestock numbers to the
carrying capacity where necessary. Current livestock production charac-
teristics would remain the same. Of the total 84 allotments, 60 (71
8-15
ALTERNATIVES
percent) would continue to decline. This would require additional
reductions in the future.
Under this alternative, livestock production would continue to
decline. Stability of the livestock industry in the county would not
improve. Eventually, some of the operators would be forced out of the
livestock business.
Socioeconomics. The impact of this alternative would be very similar to
the economic effect of the proposed action in the short term.
In time, this would shift the current scale proportions to those
operations with the higher efficiencies. Some of the less efficient
operators could continue, but would require additional income from
outside sources.
Except for the reduction of livestock numbers, this alternative
would be more socially acceptable to most of the livestock operators
than the proposed action.
8-16
ALTERNATIVE 3
ALTERNATIVE 3 - RESTRICTED GRAZING DURING GROWING SEASON
This alternative would prohibit grazing during the growing season,
March 1 through May 31. The purpose of this alternative would be to
provide for a moderate intensity of grazing management that would result
in a rapid rate of recovery of soil and vegetative resources. The time
needed to reach potential livestock forage levels would be reduced
compared to the proposed action. The existing management practices
would remain unchanged. There would be no change in existing allotment
boundaries or additional improvements until there was significant
improvement in the condition and trend of available livestock forage.
Allotment Management Plans would be developed at a rate of one or
two each year but there would be no grazing during the growing season.
AMPs would include authorized number and class of livestock, season of
use, management objectives, evaluation studies, and range developments,
and would be similar to those developed in the proposed action.
Soils. Implementation of this alternative would have a positive impact
on the soil resource.
Eliminating spring grazing and reducing livestock numbers would
increase ground cover of vegetation and litter on all allotments.
Eliminating livestock use during the growing season would reduce
soil erosion. However, because some adjustments were made in the pro-
posed seasons of use and stocking rate to avoid use during the spring,
four allotments would be grazed more intensively during critical winter
and summer compaction periods than under the present situation. Compac-
tion would increase on Herd House, Veyo, Black Canyon, and Desert Inn
Allotments.
Erosion would decrease and infiltration would increase on all
allotments except the four listed above. Conditions on those four would
show very little change.
Changes would take place at a more rapid rate than in the proposed
action. Because of the expected slight reduction in soil losses on most
allotments, very little change in the productive potential would occur.
8-17
ALTERNATIVES
Vegetation. Table 8-4 shows the proposed changes in season. Because
grazing use would be reduced considerably during the critical growing
period, the vegetation would respond favorably to this treatment begin-
ning the first year. Table 8-5 details the anticipated impacts.
TABLE 8-4
Alternative 3 - Proposed Season Changes
Allotment
Average Existing
Season of Use
Period
Proposed Action
Season of Use
Alternative 3
Season of Use
INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT
Alger Hollow
Apex Slope
Beaver Dam Slope
Big Mountain
Boomer Hill
Boot Spring
Bull Mountain
Central
Coalpits
Cougar Canyon
Curly Hollow
Dagget Flat
Desert Inn
Dome
Fort Pierce
9/16-5/31
12/20-2/19 -
4/1-4/30
11/16-5/31
5/1-10/7
12/16-5/15
3/1-5/15
Yearlong
10/15-5/31
5/1-5/31 -
10/16-12/15
5/1-9/30
11/16-5/15
6/1-9/23
Yearlong
11/1-5/15
Yearlong
11/16-5/31
12/20-2/19 -
4/1-4/30
12/1-5/31
5/1-10/7
12/1-2/28
11/1-2/28
8/1-5/31
11/1-4/30
10/16-12/15
5/1-9/30
11/16-5/22
6/1-9/30
11/16-5/15 ■
6/1-8/31
1/1-4/30
11/1-5/31
11/16-2/28
12/20-2/19
12/1-2/28
6/1-10/7
12/1-2/28
11/1-2/28
8/1-2/28
11/1-2/28
10/16-12/15
6/1-9/30
11/16-2/28
6/1-9/30
11/16-2/28 -
6/1-8/31
1/1-2/28
11/1-2/28
Since the proposed allotment contains a number of existing allotments
with differing seasons of use, the dates noted are average. They
encompass the actual use period and indicate the earliest and latest
period of use over the entire allotment.
(continued)
S-l!
TABLE 8-4 (continued)
Allotment
Average Existing
Season of Use
Period
Proposed Action
Season of Use
Alternative 3
Season of Use
Gooseberry
Grafton
Gunlock
Herd House
Hurricane
Hurricane Fault
Hurricane Mesa
Jackson Wash
Land Hill
Little Creek
Mesa
Minera Wash
11/1-5/31
11/1-5/31
10-/16-5/31
1/9-4/24
10/16-5/15
10/16-5/31
Yearlong
11/16-5/31
2/1-5/31
Yearlong
8/1-4/30
3/1-5/31
Red Cliffs 1/16-5/23
Sand Mountain 10/1-5/31
Sandstone Mountain 3/1-5/31
Santa Clara Creek
Scarecrow Peak
Short Creek
Smith Mesa
Toquerville
Trail
2/16-5/31
10/16-12/15
11/1-5/31
Yearlong
Yearlong
12/21-5/15
12/1-5/31
11/1-5/31
12/1-5/31
10/16-5/31 -
10/1-2/28
12/1-2/28
10/16-5/15
10/16-5/15
12/1-2/28
11/16-5/31
12/1-2/28
11/16-5/30
12/1-2/28
11/1-1/31 -
3/1-5/31
1/16-5/15
10/16-5/15
3/1-5/31 -
9/1-11/30
12/1-2/28
11/1-5/31
12/1-5/31
Yearlong
1/1-5/15
3/16-5/15
11/1-2/28
12/1-2/28
10/16-2/28
10/1-2/28
12/1-2/28
10/16-2/28
10/16-2/28
12/1-2/28
11/16-2/28
12/1-2/28
11/16-2/28
12/1-2/28
11/1-2/28
1/16-2/28
10/16-2/28
9/1-11/30
12/1-2/28
11/1-2/28
12/1-2/28
6/1-2/28
1/1-2/28
12/1-2/28
Since the proposed allotment contains a number of existing allotments
with differing seasons of use, the dates noted are average. They
encompass the actual use period and indicate the earliest and latest
period of use over the entire allotment.
(continued)
8-19
TABLE 8-4 (continued)
Allotment
Average Existing
Season of Use
Period
Proposed Action
Season of Use
Alternative 3
Season of Use
Twin Peaks
Veyo
Virgin
Warner Ridge
Washington
White Dome
CUSTODIAL MANAGEMEI
Airport
Black Canyon
Box Canyon
Cinder Mountain
Dal ton Wash
Lamoreaux
Little Plain
North Grafton
Red Butte
Rock Spring
Sand Hills
Sand Wash
Stout
Yellow Knolls
Yearlong
11/1-5/31
11/1-5/15
12/1-5/31
10/16-4/30
10/16-5/31
10/16-5/15
3/16-9/15
3/1-5/15
10/16-5/15
11/1-5/15
5/1-10/15
11/1-2/28
2/1-4/30
Yearlong
6/1-10/15
12/1-5/15
10/16-5/31
10/15-5/15
10/16-5/31
Custodial Portions Within Intensive
4/1-12/31
11/16-5/31
11/1-5/31
12/1-5/31
12/1-2/28
1/1-2/28
10/16-5/15
3/16-9/15
3/1-5/15
10/16-2/28
11/1-4/30
5/1-10/15
11/1-2/28
2/1-4/30
5/1-10/31
6/1-9/30
12/1-5/15
11/15-5/31
1/1-2/29
10/16-5/31
Management
Coalpits
Fault
5/1-5/31 -
10/16-12/15
12/16-4/30
5/1-5/31 -
10/16-12/15
12/16-4/15
6/1-2/28
11/16-2/28
11/1-2/28
12/1-2/28
12/1-2/28
1/1-2/28
10/16-2/28
6/1-9/15
12/1-2/28
10/16-2/28
11/1-2/28
6/1-10/15
11/1-2/28
12/1-2/28
6/1-10/31
6/1-9/30
12/1-2/28
11/15-2/28
1/1-2/28
10/16-2/28
10/16-12/15
12/16-2/28
Since the proposed allotment contains a number of existing allotments
with differing seasons of use, the dates noted are average. They
encompass the actual use period and indicate the earliest and latest
period of use over the entire allotment.
(continued)
8-20
ALTERNATIVE 3
TABLE 8-4 (concluded)
Allotment
Average Existing
Season of Use
Period
Proposed Action
Season of Use
Alternative 3
Season of Use
Herd House
1/9-4/24
3/1-5/31
12/1-2/28
Hurricane
10/16-5/15
Yearlong
10/16-2/28
Hurricane Mesa
Yearlong
Yearlong
12/1-2/28
Mesa
8/1-4/30
5/1-10/15
6/1-2/28
Scarecrow Peak
NA
5/15-5/31
6/1-10/30
(Snow Holding
Pasture)
Virgin
1/1-5/15
10/1-10/30
10/1-10/30
(Mountain Dell)
White Dome
10/16-5/31
10/16-5/31
10/16-2/28
ELIMINATION OF
GRAZING
LaVerkin Creek
3/16-6/15
Pace Knoll
NA
1 1/1-5/15
Pintura Seeding
Since the proposed allotment contains a number of existing allotments
with differing seasons of use, the dates noted are average. They encom-
pass the actual use period and indicate the earliest and latest period
of use over the entire allotment.
Generally, this treatment favors an increase in both warm and cool
season grasses, although cool season grasses would benefit most.
Annuals, forbs, and browse species would receive more competition from
grasses. Warm season grass may decrease in areas where grazing con-
tinues from June 1 to October 15. The identified potential production
should be reached by the target date although a few allotments having
plants in poor vigor would require a longer time period to reach poten-
tial. All allotments would respond favorably to this alternative.
At year 24, the situation illustrated in table 8-6 is expected.
8-21
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8-23
ALTERNATIVES
TABLE 8-6
Expected Situation in Year 24 Under Alternative 3
Livestock Forage
Condition
Acres
Trend
Livestock Possibility of
Forage Reaching Potential
Production Livestock Production
526,775 Improving
0 Declining
2,789 No change
Up
Static
Increasing
Available
but not
consumed
by live-
stock
Good
No potential
production
identified
Wildlife. This alternative would also lower the carrying capacity for
deer by causing a decline in palatable browse. Riparian vegetation
would continue to decline in areas of livestock concentration and loss
of habitat for quail, small mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians
would continue. Production of annuals and forbs used by quail would be
reduced in the long term due to natural competition from perennial
species. Overall, cover would increase, which would benefit quail and
the increased perennial grasses would benefit small mammals and birds.
This alternative would reduce the competition for spring forage
between livestock and tortoises in the Beaver Dam Slope Allotment.
Competition would not be eliminated because the cattle would still
utilize the earliest annuals prior to March 1. This alternative would
improve the situation over the present condition and also over the
proposed action.
Water Resources. This alternative could create a gradual decrease in
sediment levels over the long term due to the overall upward trend in
range condition and increased vegetative cover. Water quality would
improve.
8-24
ALTERNATIVE 3
Fisheries. This alternative would provide a benefit in terms of allow-
ing rest to riparian vegetation during the critical growing period.
This alternative could alleviate a problem encountered when livestock
are permitted to trample stream banks during a period of time in which
soil moisture content is high on adjacent areas, a situation conducive
to soil compaction.
This short-term benefit would not be expected to outweigh impacts
of concentrating livestock during other times of the year when excessive
utilization of riparian vegetation and stream bank trampling would
occur. Woody riparian vegetation would be under stress and would not
respond. Fish populations could be expected to decline further with
continued riparian habitat deterioration. In this situation, impacts
would be similar to those discussed in Chapter 3.
Cultural Resources. This alternative would produce the same impacts as
the proposed action, except sheet erosion would decrease slightly,
reducing the threat of sites being exposed to possible damage.
Recreation. Overall, achievement of improved range and watershed condi-
tions that affect recreational resources would occur sooner than in the
proposed action. Implementation of this alternative would result in
improvement of several recreational resources such as botanical sight-
seeing. Positive impacts would generally be of the same nature as those
discussed under the proposed action.
Visual Resources. The landscape changes as described in the proposed
action would occur sooner under this alternative.
Wilderness. The effect of this alternative on wilderness values would
be more favorable than the proposed action because of the rapid rate of
soil and vegetative resource recovery. The greatest changes would be to
the ecological and scenic values. All other wilderness values would be
affected in a manner similar to the proposed action.
Socioeconomics. With the removal of all livestock from public land
during the spring nearly all of the operations would be impacted. The
exception would be four allotments (identified in the Soils Section of
this alternative) with a total of 209 cattle and 944 AUMs.
8-25
ALTERNATIVES
The average operation currently utilizes public land for 5 months,
3 of which are spring months. The elimination of livestock grazing for
these 3 months would significantly alter the operations. For maximiza-
tion of this public land forage, total herd size would increase during
the 2 months on public land. For the 3 spring months alternative forage
would be required for the expanded herd. Because no additional pasture
is available to maintain this expanded herd, an annual hay bill of
$442,000.00 for the 3 months would be expected. This would not be
economically feasible with existing market conditions.
8-26
ALTERNATIVE 4
ALTERNATIVE 4 - LIMITED LIVESTOCK GRAZING DURING FIRST GRAZING CYCLE
This alternative proposes that during the first full cycle of
grazing, livestock grazing use would be limited to the capacity of the
pasture with the lowest carrying capacity. The purpose of this alter-
native would be to reduce short-term impacts to soils, vegetative, and
wildlife resources. It would provide for a faster resource recovery
rate. The stocking rate would be reduced and the balance of the Base
Property Qualifications would be held in suspended nonuse. After evalua-
tion of the grazing systems at the end of one cycle, the stocking rates
would be increased toward those prescribed in the proposed action as
additional forage becomes available. Full implementation of the pro-
posed action would follow after the forage trend is shown to be going up
and the range forage condition shows improvement. This alternative
involves exactly the same grazing system, time, sequence, and treatments
as the proposed action except the grazing intensity would be less for 29
of the 56 allotments where grazing is allowed. Thirty allotments would
remain unchanged. Livestock numbers would be reduced 12 to 68 percent
to implement this alternative.
Soils. Implementation of this alternative would eliminate most of the
short term adverse impacts of increased erosion and decreased infiltra-
tion identified under the proposed action (table 3-2).
Short-term impacts would remain the same on custodial allotments
and areas where grazing is proposed for elimination. In addition,
short-term negative impacts would occur on the proposed seedings and on
the riparian areas. Under this alternative, short-term positive impacts
would occur on 504,269 acres of public land. Table 8-7 indicates the
areas within each allotment that would have negative short-term erosion
impacts as well as those areas where there would be no change in erosion.
Long-term impacts to erosion for all allotments would remain the same as
the proposed action.
Vegetation. While there is no definitive information to show how long
the limitation of grazing would be required before studies show the
8-27
TABLE 8-7
Maximum Acreage of Reduced Soil Fertility - Long Term
Allotment
Pasture or
Area
Arrected
Public Land
Acres
NO CHANGE
Lamoreaux
Mesa
Red Butte
Pace Knoll
Pintura Seeding
Sand Hills
Sand Wash Reservoir
Yellow Knolls
INCREASE
Alger Hollow
Black Canyon
Box Canyon
Bull Mountain
Dal ton Wash
Desert Inn
Fault
Fort Pierce
Grafton
Gunlock
Herd House
Hurricane
Hurricane Fault
Hurricane Mesa
Jackson Wash
Little Creek
Custodial
160
Custodial
940
Custodial
894
Elimination
1,885
Elimination
904
Custodial
992
Custodial
640
525
SUB
TOTAL
6,940
Seeding
800
All
600
All
659
Riparian
804
All
855
Riparian
36
Custodial
785
Riparian
108
Riparian
18
Riparian
108
Custodial
480
Custodial
160
Riparian
18
Custodial
3,521
Seeding Pasture
4,730
Seeding
1,800
(cont
inued)
8-28
ALTERNATIVE A
TABLE 8-7 (continued)
Allotment
Pasture or
Area
Arrected
Public Land
Acres
North Grafton
Red Cliffs
Scarecrow Peak
Scarecrow Peak
Twin Peaks
Virgin
White Dome
Custodial
500
Riparian
18
Riparian
18
Snow Holding Pasture
3,495
Seeding
480
Riparian
108
Custodial
984
TOTAL 18,355
upward trend and improved condition, all allotments are estimated to
reach this situation by the end of the third cycle.
The reduced utilization by livestock grazing on the vegetation
would allow earlier plant recovery and attainment of the potential
production.
Table 8-8 shows the difference in attainment time between this
alternative and the proposed action. Those allotments identified in the
proposed action as showing improvement but still unable to reach their
potential within the time frame will reach the potential under this
alternative. At year 24, the situation illustrated in table 8-9 could
be expected.
Wildlife. Impacts of this alternative would be identical to those of
the proposed action except in those 29 allotments where livestock num-
bers would be reduced from the proposed action. This reduction in
livestock grazing use would leave more forage available for wildlife and
improve the habitat cover for small mammals and birds in a shorter
period of time than the proposed action.
8-29
TABLE 8-8
Comparison of Potential Attainment Between Proposed Action
and Alternative 4
Percent
Reduction Needed
To Implement
Alternative 4
Time In
Years for Attaining
Potential Production
Allotment or AMP
Alternat
Proposed
ive 4 Action
Alger Hollow
37
15
18
Apex Slope
68
12
18
Beaver Dam Slope
33
20
24
Big Mountain
33
20
24
Boomer Hill
54
16
24
Boot Spring
53
16
24
Bull Mountain
38
15
18
Central
40
10
12
Cougar Canyon
30
15
18
Curly Hollow
12
23
24
Dagget Flat
65
10
12
Desert Inn
38
10
12
Dome
37
15
18
Fort Pierce
35
10
12
Gooseberry
41
10
12
Grafton
36
20
24
Hurricane Fault
35
20
24
Jackson Wash
50
18
24
Little Creek
35
10
12
Red Cliffs
39
12
15
Sand Mountain
35
10
12
Scarecrow Peak
46
18
24
Short Creek
35
10
12
Smith Mesa
50
9
12
Toquerville
36
15
18
(continued)
8-30
ALTERNATIVE 4
TABLE 8-8 (concluded)
Allotment or
AMP
Percent
Reduction Needed
To Implement
Alternative 4
Time
Years for
Potential
Alternative 4
i in
Attaining
Production
Proposed
[ Action
Trai 1
50
9
24
Twin Peaks
39
15
18
Veyo
39
20
24
Virgin
37
15
18
TABLE
8-9
Expected
Situat
ion in Year 24 Under Alternative 4
Livestock Forage
Condition
Acres
Trend
Livestock
Forage
Production
Possibility of
Reaching Potential
Livestock Production
509,873 Improving
Up
Increasing
Good
16,902 Declining
Down
Decreased
Poor
2,789 No change
Static
Available but
not allocated
No potential
identified
The short-term impacts to wildlife from grazing systems that
increase utilization would be avoided with this alternative since no
more than 50 percent of the current growth would be utilized by live-
stock. By the time the plans are fully implemented, there should be
sufficient forage in each pasture to alleviate any possible competition
with wildlife. The desert tortoise habitat would be beneficially
impacted.
1-31
ALTERNATIVES
Water Resources. Impacts to water quality would be similar to those
that would occur under the proposed action. However, with limited
grazing during the first cycle, the magnitude of impacts resulting from
sediment discharge, concentration of livestock in stream bottom areas,
and overland flow caused by the removal of vegetation would be reduced.
The degree to which these reductions would affect overall water quality
is not known. It is possible that any short-term benefits to water
quality which are gained during the first cycle could be offset by later
increasing stocking rates as vegetative resources improve.
Fisheries. This alternative could result in less intensive utilization
of riparian vegetation and trampling of stream banks. The degree to
which utilization and trampling would differ from the proposed action
cannot be quantified; nor can the anticipated impacts. Assuming these
factors would be lessened over the short term of the first grazing
cycle, the benefits would be negated with an increased grazing intensity
during subsequent grazing cycles. Impacts to riparian habitat, fish,
and water quality would then be similar to those analyzed for the pro-
posed action.
Cultural Resources. This alternative would produce the same impacts as
the proposed action, except sheet erosion would slightly decrease,
reducing the threat of some sites being exposed to possible damage.
Recreation. Impacts would be of the same nature as those discussed in
the analysis of the proposed action. However, this alternative appears
to be slightly better from a recreational standpoint because the ex-
pected improvement would occur sooner.
Visual Resources. Impacts on the area's visual resources would be
similar to those discussed under the proposed action. The anticipated
landscape changes may occur faster under this alternative.
Wilderness. Impacts to wilderness values would be similar to the long-
term impacts in the proposed action. Favorable impacts may occur
earlier in time due to favorable impacts to ecological values.
Livestock. This alternative would require an average 39-percent reduc-
tion in stocking rates. In the long term, impacts would be the same as
8-32
ALTERNATIVE 4
the proposed action. Table 8-8 shows the percent reduction needed to
implement this alternative for 29 allotments. Because most of these
reductions are quite large, many of the permittees could very likely
terminate their livestock operations.
Socioeconomic. Table 8-10 summarizes the short-term impacts from this
alternative. Tables 8-11, 8-12, and 8-13 depict the impacts to the
typical operator by scale of operation. For an explanation of the
importance of public range land to permittees by scale of operation,
refer to Socioeconomic section of Chapter 2.
Alternative 4:
TABLE 8-10
Short-Term Impact Summary
Operator Scale
Total
Smal
Medium
Large
Net income
Existing net $ NA
i ncome/AUM
Existing net $ 39,831
income total
Alternative 4 net NA
i ncome/AUM
Alternative 4 net $ 26,269
income/total
Net income total $(13,562)
Capital valuea
Existing capital NA
value/AUM
Existing capital $255,326
value total
Alternative 4 $160,381
capital value total
Capital value $(94,945)
$
1.33 $
2.11
$ 6,395.00 $ 20,675.00
$ (0.64) $
1.12
$ 0 $ 9,274.00
$(6,395.00) $ (1,140.00)
$
0.66 $
9.60
$56,723.00 $120,136.00
$34,363.00 $ 79,488.00
$(22,360.00) $(40,648.00)
$ 2.77
$12,761.00
$ 3.09
$16,995.00
$(4,234.00)
$ 8.46
$78,467.00
$46,530.00
$(31,937.00)
Note: Long term would be similar to the proposed action
Capital values are not expected to change per AUM.
NA = Not applicable
8-33
TABLE 8-11
Alternative 4: Short-Term Annual Income and
Expenses for the Average Small Operator
Existing
(dollars)
Proposed
Average
(dollars)
Percent
INCOME
Calf sales
Cull sales
GROSS INCOME
Net change
EXPENSES
Feed
Grazing fees
Veterinary
Variable expenses
Net change
Fixed expenses
TOTAL EXPENSES
Net change
Average cost per cow
Average cost per AUM
NET INCOME
Gross income
Total expenses
NET INCOME
Net change
Net income per cow
Net income per AUM
Average number of cows
$2,226.00
171.00
$2,397.00
$1,781.00
137.00
$1,918.00
(479.00)
$ 38.00^
54.00°
49.00°
$ 141.00°
(36.00)
$1,901.00
$2,042.00
(36)
$ 127.50
$ 10.63
$1,918.00
2,041.00
$ (123.00)
(442.00)
$ (7.69)
$ (0.64)
16
20
$ 48.00
68.00
61.00
$ 177.00
20
$1,901.00
$2,078.00
2
$ 103.90
$ 8.66
$2,397.00
2,078.00
$ 319.00
139
$ 15.95
$ 1.33
20
aBased on total change (20 percent reduction) in small operator 1976
licensed use.
u.
Assume would change proportionate to change in AUMs.
8-34
TABLE 8-12
Alternative 4: Short-Term Annual Income and
Expenses for the Average Medium Operator
-
Existing
3-Year
Average
(dollars)
Proposed
Average
(dollars)
Percent
INCOME
Calf and yearling sales
Cull sales
Pasture rent
GROSS INCOME
Net change
EXPENSES
Feed
Grazing fees
Veterinary
Variable expenses
Net change
Total fixed expenses
TOTAL EXPENSES
Net change
Average cost per cow
Average cost per AUM
NET INCOME
Gross Income
Total Expenses
NET INCOME
Net change
Net income per cow
Net income per AUM
Average number of cows
$11,470.00
1,890.00
1,392.00
$14,752.00
$ 9,520.00
1,569.00
1,629.00
$12,718.00
(2,034.00)
$ 1,653. Oofj
926.00°
39.00°
$ 2,618.00°
(537.00
$ 8,935.00
$11,553.00
(537.00)
$ 132.79
$ 11.07
$12,718.00
11,553.00
$ 1,165.00
(1,497.00)
$ 13.39
$ 1.12
87
14
$ 1,992.00
1,116.00
47.00
$ 3,855.00
17
$ 8,935.00
$12,090.00
4
$ 115.14
$ 9.60
$14,752.00
12,090.00
$ 2,662.00
56
$ 25.35
$ 2.11
105
Based on total change (17 percent reduction) of medium operator 1976
licensed use.
Assume would decrease proportionate to decrease in AUMs.
8-35
TABLE 8-13
Alternative 4: Short-Term Annual Income and
Expenses for the Average Large Operator
Existing
3-Year
Proposed
Average
Average
(dollars)
(dollars)
Percent
INCOME
Livestock production and
$24,944.00
$27,937.00
and cull sales
Return to operator
3,258.00
3,649.00
Other
7,195.00
7,195.00
GROSS INCOME
$35,397.00
$38,781.00
Net change
EXPENSES
+3,384.00
10
$ 3,239. 00[J
3,305.00°
218.00°
932.00°
$7,694.00°
Feed
$ 2,892.00
Grazing fees
2,951.00
Veterinary
195.00
Trucking
832.00
Variable expense
$6,870.00
Net change
Fixed expenses
+824.00
12
$19,118.00
$19,118.00
TOTAL EXPENSE
$25,988.00
$26,812.00
Net change
COSTS
+824.00
3
Total expenses
$25,988.00
$26,812.00
Return to operator
3,258.00
3,649.00
TOTAL COST
$29,246.00
$30,461.00
Net change
Cost per cow
+1,215.00
4
$ 101.55
$ 94.31
Cost per AUM
$ 8.46
$ 7.86
NET INCOME
Gross income
$35,397.00
38,781.00
Total expense
25,988.00
26,812.00
NET INCOME
$ 9,409.00
$11,969.00
Net change
Net income per cow
+2,560.00
27
$ 32.87
$ 37.06
Net income per AUM
$ 2.77
$ 3.09
Average number of cows
288
323
aBased on total change (12 percent increase) of large operator 1976
licensed use.
L.
Assume will change proportionate to change in AUMs.
8-36
ALTERNATIVE 4
The small operations would receive negative annual net incomes; the
medium scale would also decline (17 percent). Because the large oper-
ators stock significantly below the BPQ, the plan could increase annual
net incomes to $3.09 per AUM, a 27-percent increase.
The long-term impacts would be similar to those in the proposed
action.
8-37
ALTERNATIVES
ALTERNATIVE 5 - DELAYED IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION
This alternative would be similar to the proposed action in respect
to the types of Allotment Management Plans proposed. The difference
between this alternative and the proposed action is the time schedule
for implementing the program. The purpose of this alternative would
basically be to achieve the same goals as the proposal but consider time
as a variable. It would be more flexible to manpower and funding con-
straints than would the proposed action. The proposed action would be
implemented over a 5-year period, whereas this alternative would be
implemented over 42 years. The Cedar City District has implemented
three Allotment Management Plans in Washington County, Utah since 1968,
an average of one AMP every 3 years. At this rate, it would take 126
years to implement the 42 proposed AMPs. However, with increased fund-
ing for the range development program, it is anticipated that this
alternative could be implemented within the proposed 42 years.
In the interim, the existing BLM range management program and
policies would be continued. Stocking rates on all allotments would be
reduced to the estimated carrying capacity determined from the latest
forage inventory.
The Bureau would continue with its present program of implementing
and maintaining AMPs, constructing range developments, and grazing use
supervision.
Description. With this alternative, term permits would be issued for
periods of up to 10 years. The permit would specify the class and
number of livestock and the season when grazing would be permitted.
Assumptions made in developing this alternative include the follow-
ing:
1. All regular nonuse would be continued
2. Grazing use levels for custodial management units as identi-
fied in the proposed action would not change with this alternative.
Implementation would begin at year 1
8-38
ALTERNATIVE 5
3. All eliminations would be effected at year 1
4. Allotments with existing AMPs would achieve potential forage
availability levels
5. All allotments would be reduced to the survey carrying capa-
city before implementation
6. Grazing would not be allowed on unallotted areas
7. Range users would be required to continue maintenance of
certain existing range developments on public land in a serviceable
condition. The permittees would be allowed to construct new range
developments on public land with prior approval from BLM
Soils. Delayed implementation would have the same long-term impact to
the soil resource as the proposed action. It would, however, require a
much longer time to accomplish (24 years under the proposed action vs.
66 years under this alternative).
There would be an immediate improvement in erosion and infiltration
rates on all allotments because stocking rates would be in line with
carrying capcities.
Soil compaction would be reduced and a slight increase in litter
accumulation could be expected.
Because of the extended time frame, soil loss through erosion would
continue but at a slightly reduced rate until AMPs would be implemented.
This could affect the production potential of soils.
Once all AMPs have been implemented, erosion rates would be similar
to the proposed action.
This alternative would not change the impacts on areas proposed for
custodial management or elimination of grazing under the proposed action.
Vegetation. The anticipated impacts on vegetation from implementation
of this alternative would be basically the same as those from the pro-
posed action except attainment of the objectives would require 66 years
compared to 24 years for the proposed action. At year 24 (the date all
allotment objectives would be reached under the proposed action), only
four allotments would have reached their objectives, with an additional
18 allotments showing improving conditions (table 8-14). The AMPs for
8-39
ALTERNATIVES
TABLE 8-14
Expected Situation in Year 24
Under Alternative 5
Livestock Forage
Condition
Acres
Trend
Livestock
Forage
Production
Possibility of
Reaching Potential
Livestock Production
65,138 Improving
Up
Increasing
Good
2,789 Static
Static
No change
....
461,637 Declining
Down
Decreasing
Poor
two allotments would have been implemented, but would not show improve-
ment.
In addition, the assumption was made that up until implementation,
all allotments with spring grazing (even at reduced livestock numbers)
would have certain areas that would continue to decline. However, the
rate may be slower than at present. All allotments would show some
improvement on some areas. However, there would still be problems with
distribution and utilization and certain areas would continue to decline.
Because most allotments are presently in poor condition, a continued
decline would not change their condition at the time of AMP implementa-
tion. Therefore, no adjustment in time of attaining objectives was
made. For example, Land Hill was expected to obtain its objective in 24
years under the proposed action and also in 24 years under this alter-
native, even though it would not be implemented for 42 years. The
allotments without spring use were assumed to remain unchanged until
implementation.
Wildlife. Wildlife would benefit over the present situation by the
reduction in livestock numbers, although the decline in carrying capa-
city for deer in certain allotments (table 3-13) would occur faster than
8-40
ALTERNATIVE 5
in the proposed action because of the lack of sufficient rest for
browse. Habitat for small mammals and birds would decline in those
allotments with spring grazing due to the decrease of cover and peren-
nial grasses. Quail habitat would also decline in those same allotments
because of decreased cover, poor range condition, and reduced produc-
tion. Loss of riparian habitat for wildlife in certain allotments
(table 3-13) would occur faster than in the proposed long term. Impacts
would be similar to those of the proposed action after implementation of
the AMPs. The desert tortoise habitat would continue to decline as in
the proposed action.
Water Resources. This alternative would allow maintenance of current
levels, or a gradual increase in sediment levels, due to the overall
downward trend in range condition and riparian areas until time of full
implementation of management plan. A gradual increase in silt and
dissolved solids would threaten the existence of fishes during low flows
before implementation of management plan.
Fisheries. The present grazing pattern along the fisheries1 habitat
would be continued in varying degrees over a 42-month period of time,
depending upon the time frame of AMP implementation in areas where
fisheries' habitat occur. During this delay period, impacts would be
similar to those discussed in the No Action Alternative. Upon implemen-
tation, impacts would be the same as the proposed action.
Another important factor associated with a delay would be failure
to implement a monitoring program and mitigating measures discussed in
Chapter 4.
Cultural Resources. The damage to any archaeological sites being
trampled by livestock would continue until the AMPs were implemented.
Then impacts would be the same as under the proposed action.
Recreation. Viewing opportunities would be enhanced, although less than
the proposed action. Impacts on recreation would be the same once the
AMPs were implemented.
Visual Resources. The major scenic change, primarily related to vege-
tation change over time, would take a longer time to occur than with the
8-41
ALTERNATIVES
proposed action. In the proposed chaining areas, VRM objectives would
be met by following standard design stipulations. Impacts of other
improvement projects would be the same as the proposed action.
Wilderness. Impacts to wilderness values would be similar to the pro-
posed action but improvement would take a much longer time.
Livestock. The initial short-term impacts would be the same as the No
Action Alternative (Alternative 2). With the increase of forage through
AMP implementation, the short-term impacts would approach the proposed
action.
In the long term, the increase in forage would be achieved over a
longer period.
Socioeconomics. The impacts of this alternative would be similar to the
proposed action with an extended time schedule.
The short-term impacts would be somewhat similar to the proposed
action, with the exception of those allotments with improvements pro-
posed that would increase the carrying capacity (seedings, water develop-
ments, etc.). In the long term, any increase in AUMs would be allocated
at a later period.
Economically, the net incomes would be somewhat lower than antici-
pated in the proposed action in the short term. Capital value impacts
would be similar to the proposed action. In the long term, net incomes
would be significantly slower in their increase as would the capital
values. Those individuals with the most marginal or negative returns
would have less potential for participation in the activity.
Social impacts would be similar to the proposed action.
8-42
ALTERNATIVE 6
ALTERNATIVE 6 - INCREASED FORAGE PRODUCTION THROUGH VEGETATIVE MANIPULATION
Portions of four allotments have been identified as having the
potential to increase their forage capacity rapidly by chaining and
seeding.
This alternative is similar in all other respects to the proposed
action and would be implemented in the same manner. The only difference
is that this alternative calls for completing additional vegetative
manipulation practices to increase forage production. This would be a
high intensity grazing management alternative aimed at achieving the
specific goals of the proposal by reducing long-term negative impacts
associated with these four allotments.
The following allotments contain 1,660 acres of public land that
have the potential to produce an additional 208 AUMs of forage by
mechanical vegetative conversion. The increased production would be
allocated to both livestock and wldlife and would be in proportion to
the actual need and management goals for these areas.
Smith Mesa 560 acres @ 8 acres/AUM = 70 AUMs
Coal Pits 150 acres @ 8 acres/AUM = 19 AUMs
Mesa 800 acres @ 8 acres/AUM = 100 AUMs
Alger Hollow (Wide Canyon) 150 acres @ 8 acres/AUM = 19 AUMs
Soils. If this alternative is implemented, only the four allotments
proposed for mechanical treatments would be affected. Table 8-15 summar-
izes the expected changes.
A short-term increase in soil erosion could be expected immediately
following mechanical treatment on 1,660 acres. Short-term increases in
erosion under this alternative would include those listed in table 3-2
(182,662 acres) plus an additional 1,660 acres for a total of 184,322
acres.
The remaining 345,242 acres would have short-term impacts similar
to the proposed action. Treatment areas on two allotments, Mesa and
8-43
ALTERNATIVES
TABLE 8-
15
Impact Summary
Pasture
Erosion
Infiltration
Allotment
Short
Term
Long
Term
Short
Term
Long
Term
Alger Hollow
Wide Canyon
Negative
Positive
Positive
Positive
Coalpits
Coalpits
Negative
Positive
Positive
Positive
Mesa
All
Negative
Positive
Positive
Positive
Smith Mesa
All
Negative
Positive
Positive
Positive
Coalpits, would be particularly susceptible to short-term increased
erosion because soils on these allotments have a high erosion potential.
Long-term impacts for all allotments would be the same as the
proposed action.
Vegetation. Under this alternative, the allotments would be managed the
same and have the same impacts as under the proposed action, except for
the following four allotments: Smith Mesa, Coal Pits, Mesa, and Alger
Hollow.
Smith Mesa (1,940 acres Public Land). The total acreage would
improve; perennial grasses would increase in vigor and number. Forbs
and annuals would decrease. There would be a short-term negative impact
from the proposed chaining on the 560 acres.
Coal Pits (3,310 acres Public Land). The total acreage would
improve with increased perennial grasses and decreased forbs and annuals.
There would be a short-term negative impact on the 150 acres treated.
Long-term impact would be positive.
Mesa (1,640 acres Public Land). The total acreage would improve in
vegetative condition. Perennial grasses would increase. There would be
a short-term negative impact on vegetation on the 800 acres treated.
8-44
ALTERNATIVE 6
Alger Hollow (23,780 acres Public Land). The total acreage would
improve. Perennial grasses would increase. There would be a short-term
negative vegetation impact for the 150 acres treated.
Impacts on these allotments are detailed in table 8-16, and the
expected situation at year 24 is shown in table 8-17. On the four
allotments, forage production would increase 20 percent from 1,014 AUMs
to 1,222 AUMs.
Wildlife. This alternative would be the most beneficial to deer, com-
pared to the present situation or the proposed action for these allot-
ments. All the allotments concerned are important deer winter range.
The carrying capacity for deer would increase because of the increase of
browse in the seedings on Smith Mesa, Mesa, and Coal Pits Allotments.
Sufficient cover would be available for the deer, and the seedings would
probably alleviate some pressure on the private fields on Smith Mesa and
Mesa Allotments. This alternative would also benefit other wildlife
because of the increased production and upward range trend on these
allotments. Overall competition for available forage would be reduced.
The desert tortoise habitat would continue to decline as in the proposed
action.
Water Resources and Fisheries. Short-term increases in sediment could
be expected from chained areas, but once vegetative cover was estab-
lished, this impact would be eliminated. All other impacts would be
similar to the proposed action.
Cultural Resources. This alternative would produce the same impacts as
the proposed action, except in the treatment areas. Standard guidelines
would be followed during treatment to minimize impacts to archaeological
sites.
Recreation. Impacts to recreational resources would be similar to those
discussed under the proposed action except for the project areas. In
the long term some slight improvement in soil and watershed conditions
on the treated sites might benefit recreational resources.
There would be more firewood available to the public in the addi-
tional chained areas.
8-45
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8-46
ALTERNATIVE 6
TABLE 8-17
Expected Situation in Year 24 Under Alternative 6
Livestock Forage
Livestock
Possibility of
Condition
Forage
Reaching Potential
Acres
Trend
Production
Livestock Production
476,809 Improving Up Increasing Good
52,755 Declining Down Decreasing Poor
Visual Resources. Landscape changes would be similar to those pre-
scribed in the Future Environment Without Project section, with some
exceptions. The additional chainings would result in more of the visual
impacts as discussed under chainings in the proposed action. It would
be difficult to meet the Visual Resource Management objectives on any of
the additional proposed chainings, particularly on Smith Mesa, Mesa, and
Coalpits Allotments, which would be very noticeable from well-traveled
roads close to Zion National Park where visual sensitivity is high.
There may be little overall change in the area's vegetative pattern
outside of the chained areas. It is quite possible that soil and water-
shed deterioration, as they affect landscape characteristics (see Future
Environment Without Project), would continue under this alternative.
Wilderness. None of the proposed chainings would be within the poten-
tial wilderness areas.
Livestock. With this plan, an additional 208 AUMs would be added to the
proposed action. This could be an important increase to those permit-
tees in the four affected allotments. Considering the total planning
unit, this would be a minor increase over the proposed action.
Socioeconomic. This alternative to optimize forage production would be
similar to the proposed action with the exception of the four allotments
increasing their combined annual net income ($436.08) and capital value
8-47
ALTERNATIVES
$2,169 over the proposed action. However, this would not be a signifi
cant change in the planning unit's economy.
8-48
ALTERNATIVE 7
ALTERNATIVE 7 - REDUCTION OF NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON SELECTED ALLOTMENTS
This alternative addresses specific problems and the purpose would
be to reduce negative impacts on selected allotments, it would result
in a more rapid resource recovery rate and would achieve the same basic
goals as the proposal. From an analysis standpoint, it would be
expected to produce the greatest benefits while reducing adverse impacts
of grazing management throughout the Hot Desert area.
Aside from specific allotments addressed in this alternative, the
proposed action would remain unchanged and would be implemented as
indicated in Chapter 1.
This alternative was developed to avoid and/or reduce specific
impacts of the proposed action on watershed condition, wildlife habitat,
and vegetation while basically achieving the objectives of the proposed
action. This alternative has three parts as described below:
1. The first part of this alternative would adjust livestock use
on the allotments listed in table 8-18. It would be designed to re-
strict livestock use during the spring to minimize impacts on vegetation
and reduce competition for browse between deer and livestock.
2. The second part of this alternative would redesign grazing
systems on the following allotments to minimize negative impacts on
vegetation caused by an overutilization of livestock forage:
a. The Apex Slope Allotment, as developed in the proposed
action, prescribes grazing use in the winter to be nearly 3 times more
than the proposed grazing capacity. The third portion of this alterna-
tive would redesign the proposed two-pasture rotation rest system (two
during winter and two during spring) into a three-pasture delayed rota-
tion system similar to that proposed on the Curly Hollow Allotment.
The proposed allotment would be divided as shown in figure 8-2.
The proposed north pasture would be separated vertically by a continua-
tion of the fence that separates the east and west pastures. The south
pasture would remain unchanged from the proposal. This would result in
larger west and east pastures than the proposal, with each pasture
having an additional supply of AUMs as shown on figure 8-2.
8-49
TABLE 8-18
Proposed Livestock Use
Proposed Action
Season of Use
Proposed
Allotment
Season of Use - Alternative 7
Airport
(custodial)
Black Canyon
(custodial)
Boomer Hill
Box Canyon
(custodial)
Coalpits
(custodial)
Dalton Wash
(custodial)
Spring every year
Spring every year
Winter every
other year
Spring every year
Winter and late
spring every year
Spring every year
Fault (custodial) Spring every year
Gunlock
Herd House
(custodial)
Hurricane
(custodial)
Winter use yearly
two years out of
three
Spring every year
Yearlong
Rotate livestock grazing in the
spring one year out of three.
Allow livestock grazing in the
spring one year out of three,
rotating with summer and fall
use to avoid competition with
deer during critical winter
months.
Reduce stocking rate to capacity
of lowest pasture and rotate in
winter one out of two years.
Rotate livestock grazing in the
spring one year out of three.
Rotate livestock grazing one
year out of two for winter and
one year out of three for
spring.
Allow livestock grazing in the
spring one year out of three,
rotating with summer and fall
use to avoid competition with
deer during the critical winter
months.
Rotate livestock grazing in the
spring one year out of three.
Limit livestock use in winter to
one year out of three, allow a
fall /winter/spring rotation.
Rotate livestock grazing in the
spring of the year one year out
of three.
Fall /winter or rest one year out
of three years to minimize vege-
tation impact.
(continued)
3-50
TABLE 8-18 (continued)
Proposed
Allotment
Proposed Action
Season of Use
Season of Use - Alternative 7
Hurricane Mesa
(custodial)
Land Hill
Lamoreaux
(custodial)
Mesa (custodial)
North Grafton
(custodial)
Red Butte
(custodial)
Rock Springs
Sand Hills
Sand Wash
Reservoir
Yearlong
Winter use every
year
Spring every year
5/1-10/15 every
year
Spring every year
5/1-10/31 every
year
Summer every year
Spring every year
Spring every year
Santa Clara Creek Winter every year
Allow livestock grazing in the
spring one year out of three,
rotating with summer and fall
use to avoid competition with
deer during the winter months.
Rotate livestock use to every
other winter or summer/fall
period to reduce competition
for browse during critical
winter months.
Allow livestock grazing in the
spring one year out of three,
rotating with summer and fall
use to avoid competition with
deer during the winter months.
use to minimize
impact (no spring
Summer/fall
vegetation
use).
Fall /winter or rest one year out
of three years to minimize vege-
tation impact.
Summer/f al 1
vegetation
use).
\
use to minimize
impact (no spring
Rotate livestock grazing in the
spring one year out of three.
Rotate livestock grazing in the
spring one year out of three.
Rotate livestock grazing in the
spring one year out of three.
Allow livestock grazing in the
spring one year out of three
rotating with summer and fall
use to minimize competition with
deer during the critical winter
months.
(continued)
8-51
ALTERNATIVES
TABLE 8-18 (concluded)
Proposed Proposed Action Allotment
Use Season of Use - Alternative 7
Season of
Smith Mesa
White Dome
(custodial)
Yellow Knolls
(custodial)
Yearlong every
other year
Spring every
other year
Spring every year
Allow livestock grazing in the
spring one year out of three
rotating with summer and fall
use to minimize competition with
deer during the critical winter
months.
Rotate livestock grazing in the
spring one year out of three.
Rotate livestock grazing in the
spring one year out of three.
The resulting three-pasture allotment would be grazed as follows
Nov Dec Jan
Feb
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Rest
Rest to establish seedlings
Rest
Rest for vigor and litter
Rest
Rest seed production
A.
B.
C.
Treatment A prescribes use from December 20 through January 20.
Treatment B prescribes use from January 21 through February 20.
Treatment C prescribes use from April 1 through April 30.
The grazing sequence for 3 years would be as described below.
Beginning the fourth year, the schedule would be repeated.
Pasture
West
East
South
First Year
Second Year
Third Year
A
B
C
B
C
A
C
A
B
8-52
APEX SLOPE ALLOTMENT ~ - as developed in the proposed action
APEX SLOPE ALLOTMENT as redesigned in Alternative 7
Figure 8-2
APEX SLOPE ALLOTMENT
8-53
ALTERNATIVES
b. The Jackson Wash Allotment, as developed in the proposal,
would result in overutilization of the available livestock forage in the
seeding pasture (proposed Pahcoon Seeding). This alternative would
realign the grazing level on the Jackson Wash Allotment to achieve
proper forage utilization. The carrying capacity of the three pastures
is shown below:
Public Land AUMs
Pahcoon
471
Seeding
a455
Jackson Wash
503
1,429
aIncludes proposed 360 AUMs resulting from proposed Pahcoon Seeding.
This alternative would prescribe the grazing use in the seeding
pasture not to exceed 455 AUMs and the allotment would be stocked on
that basis. However, when the grazing system prescribes use in the
other two pastures, additional cattle could be turned out as long as
their capacity was not exceeded. This adjustment in AUMs would result
in a reduction of 21 AUMs in use over the proposed action. The grazing
system and proposed range developments would be similar to the proposed
action.
3. The third part of this alternative addresses the Beaver Dam
Slope Allotment which contains critical desert tortoise habitat. This
alternative would prescribe fencing the critical habitat areas to
exclude livestock grazing to reduce competition between cattle and the
desert tortoise.
It is assumed that:
a. Reproduction capacity of the tortoise is directly related
to the available succulent vegetation in the spring
b. The desert tortoise population is declining
c. The area is presently incapable of supplying sufficient
succulent plants for the tortoise during the criticl reproductive season
every year
8-54
ALTERNATIVE 7
d. Tortoises establish home ranges and will not move into
ungrazed pastures or other areas when their food supply has been ex-
hausted. Females and young have the smallest home ranges and are most
severly impacted by competition for food
e. By isolating the tortoise from the livestock, sufficient
forage will be assured for the tortoise
This alternative would restrict grazing from 5,120 acres of criti-
cal habitat by constructing a cattle- tight fence around the critical
tortoise area. This plan would necessitate moving one pasture fence and
constructing the exclosure fence. This would result in 13 more miles of
fence than is required under the proposed action. Livestock use would
be reduced by an estimated 200 AUMs. All other factors would remain the
same as the proposed action.
The new AUM capacities, by pasture, would be as follows: Indian
Springs - 743 AUMs; Beaver Dam - 743 AUMs; and Castle Cliffs - 799 AUMs.
Figure 8-3 indicates how the allotment would be redesigned.
Soils. Implementation of this alternative would change the short and
long-term impacts to erosion and infiltration on the pastures and allot-
ments listed in table 8-19.
In addition, the elimination of grazing on 5,120 acres in Beaver
Dam Slope Allotment would stop all compaction caused by livestock on
this area. Erosion would decrease and infiltration would increase.
This would be a change from the short-term impacts caused by the pro-
posed grazing system in which both erosion and infiltration would be
expected to be adversely impacted. All other impacts would remain
unchanged from those listed in the proposed action.
Vegetation. This alternative considers special changes for 32 allot-
ments while the remaining allotments are unchanged from the proposed
action. The detailed impacts are shown in table 8-20.
Twenty two allotments would involve season-of-use changes to
eliminate continual grazing during the growing season and reduce compe-
tition for browse. All would show a definite improvement in plant vigor
and in establishment of new perennial plants, especially cool season
8-55
Critical Desert Tortoise Area
(outside natural area)
Woodbury Desert Study Area
BEAVER DAM SLOPE ALLOTMENT - as developed by the proposed action
Critical Desert Tortoise Area
(outside natural area)
Woodbury Desert Study Area
BEAVER DAM SLOPE ALLOTMENT - as redesigned in Alternative 7
Figure 8-3
BEAVER DAM SLOPE ALLOTMENT
1 1 1 ' ' ' 1 1
Tortoise Habitat Exclosure
Relocated Pasture Fence
8-56
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8-64
ALTERNATIVE 7
grasses. Litter accumulation would improve. Browse species would
improve in vigor. Two allotments would involve changing the grazing
system.
With implementation of this alternative, Apex Slope Allotment would
have three pastures under a deferred rotation system. Grazing intensity
would be determined by the capacity of the lowest producing pasture.
This would result in improved vegetative cover, slightly increased
litter, increase in perennial grass, and improvement in vigor of pala-
table browse.
The proposed seeding on the Jackson Wash Allotment would be util-
ized at a degree that would favor its success. Introduced cool season
grasses would be expected to improve in vigor and maintain themselves.
Vigor of palatable browse species would improve. Grazing at the capac-
ity of the seeding would encourage litter accumulation.
Beaver Dam Slope Allotment would remain basically the same as under
the proposed action except for 5,120 acres being retired from domestic
livestock grazing. This small area would improve with the native
dominant species increasing. Thirteen miles of fence would be required,
causing short-term disturbance to approximately 1.5 acres of vegetation
along the fenceline.
Table 8-21 illustrates the expected situation in year 24.
TABLE 8-21
Expected Situation in Year 24
Under Alternative 7
Livestock Forage Livestock Possibility of
Condition Forage Reaching Potential
Acres Trend Production Livestock Production
528,154 Up Increasing Good
1,410 Down Decreasing Poor
8-65
ALTERNATIVES
Wildlife. The most significant part of this alternative would be the
reduction of adverse impacts to the desert tortoise in the Beaver Dam
Slope Allotment. Although a few tortoises that remain outside the fence
would still be adversely affected by the competition for spring forage,
the majority of the population would be benefited. This should allow
for better reproduction; however, it would take many years for the
population to show any improvement.
Most of the impacts in the other concerned allotments are the same
as those for the proposed action. This alternative would improve the
habitat condition for quail, small mammals, and birds. Due to reduction
of competition with livestock for browse, beneficial impacts would
result to deer during critical periods in those allotments important or
critical to deer:
Black Canyon North Grafton
Coalpits Red Butte
Jackson Wash Rock Spring
Hurricane Mesa Sand Wash Reservoir
Lamoreaux Smith Mesa
Mesa
Water Resources and Fisheries. Impacts to fish would be negligible.
Impacts to water quality would be more favorable than the proposed
action because of increased cover on the specific allotments mentioned.
Cultural Resources. Same impacts on affected allotments as Alternative
5.
Recreation. Impacts to recreational resources would be similar to those
discussed under the proposed action, although benefits resulting from
improved soil and watershed conditions may occur somewhat faster under
this alternative. Botanical and wildlife sightseeing values would
improve much faster in the Desert Tortoise Protection Area.
Visual Resources. The landscape changes resulting from implementation
of this alternative would be similar to those described in the proposed
action. Additional fenceline construction would create more small scale
lines on the landscape. A noticeable vegetation contrast at the fence-
8-66
ALTERNATIVE 7
line could develop in the Desert Tortoise Protection Area, becoming more
visible over time as a distinct visual line.
Wilderness. The effect on potential wilderness areas would be similar
to that discussed under the proposed action, although more fence would
be built in the Beaver Dam Wash, if this alternative is implemented.
Socioeconomics. This alternative would be similar to the proposed
action, the only difference being that adverse economic impacts would
occur in the Beaver Dam Slope and Jackson Wash Allotments. The Beaver
Dam Slope Allotment would receive a 29-percent reduction in Base Pro-
perty Qualifications. However, voluntary stocking is now below the Base
Property Qualification and this alternative; therefore, no decline in
annual net income would result. The capital value loss would add
$914.80 to the proposed action.
The Jackson Wash Allotment would lose 21 AUMs over the proposed
action. This loss would total $201.60 in capital value, but would cause
no change in annual net income, because of current voluntary low stock-
ing rates. Because this alternative would change only the custodial
areas of Hurricane and Hurricane Mesa, with no change in AUMs, it is not
possible to determine their impacts without reviewing the operators'
yearlong grazing schedule. Some changes in stocking procedures would
result due to the change in season of use.
In those allotments where changes in season of use and restrictions
to livestock grazing would result, negative impacts would occur. The
magnitude of the impact would depend on such factors as the amount of
AUMs reduced, season of use, affect on capital value, and net income.
The Smith Mesa Allotment would be severely impacted by this alter-
native. Since it would be used once every third year, it would be
improbable for a continuous operation to exist. The proposed action
would result in negative returns to small operations; therefore, no
change in annual net income would be recognized from this alternative
and no capital value would be lost.
A detailed summary of the proposed action plus the seven proposed
alternatives is shown in table 8-22 for the resources which offer the
8-67
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8-69
ALTERNATIVES
most comparable factors. Table 8-23 shows a general comparison of the
alternatives for the remainder of the resources which are more difficult
to compare.
8-70
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8-71
CHAPTER 9
CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION
CHAPTER 9
CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION
INTRODUCTION
A brief history of the consultation, coordination, public meetings,
environmental staff (ES) development, contracts and a list of agencies,
government and nongovernment, to whom a copy of the draft statement will
be sent is included in this chapter.
Consultation and coordination was maintained throughout the ES
process by Bureau of Land Management (BLM) offices in Washington, DC,
Utah State Office, Salt Lake City, Utah, Cedar City District Office, and
Dixie Resource Area Office, St. George, Utah. Ranchers, interested
public groups and individuals, Federal Government agencies, State
agencies, and congressional delegates were notified by news release,
radio broadcast, and letters. The first ES and allotment management
plan (AMP) information news release and public letter was dated October
29 and 30, 1975. Formal public meetings were held November 5, 1975 at
Hurricane, Utah, and St. George, Utah and November 12, 1975 at St.
George, Utah. On November 7, 1975 a meeting to explain the ES process
as it applied to Washington County was held for the State and local
governmental agencies.
A public tour of the Hot Desert area was conducted February 27,
1976 and about 100 persons were invited by personal letter to attend.
Another field tour was conducted for BLM Utah State Advisory Board on
August 20, 1976. Copies of the news release, handouts, and lists of
participants are on file at the BLM Cedar City District Office.
Every effort was made to keep the ranchers and public informed of
the proposed action and the ES process. Opportunities to comment were
given those individuals immediately affected, through letters of inquiry
and personal contacts by members of the Cedar City District and Dixie
Resource Area staffs.
9-1
CONSULTATION - COORDINATION
A team of BLM specialists from different locations in Utah was
selected to compile the baseline data and analyze impacts of the pro-
posed action and alternatives. Team members included knowledgeable
specialists in range and watershed management, fisheries biology, wild-
life biology, agriculture economics, archaeology, recreation, visual
resources management, land use, and a writer-editor.
Three contracts were let. One contract was let to Brigham Young
University for water quality investigation; one to R. Beck and Assoc-
iates for socioeconomic analyses; and a contract to the Department of
Wildlife Resources for an inventory of desert reptiles. Other Federal
and State agencies with special expertise in environmental statement
preparation or with useful information relating to the proposed action
were consulted during preparation of the draft statement. On April 8,
1977, BLM Utah State Office formally notified the following Federal and
State agencies of the purpose of the proposed action and offered to
establish a working relationship with their organization in preparing
the statement:
1. Director, National Weather Service, Salt Lake City, Utah
2. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Salt Lake City, Utah
3. Director, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City,
Utah
4. Director, Utah Division of Natural Resources, Salt Lake City,
Utah
5. Utah State Engineer, Salt Lake City, Utah
6. Utah State Historic Preservation Officer, Salt Lake City,
Utah
7. Commissioner, Utah Department of Agriculture, Salt Lake City,
Utah
8. Director, Utah Division of Lands, Salt Lake City, Utah
9. Director, Office of State Planning Coordinator, Salt Lake
City, Utah
10. Cooperative Extension Service, Cedar City, Utah
9-2
INTRODUCTION
11. Washington County Commissioners, St. George, Utah
12. Five-County Association of Governments, St. George, Utah
13. Area Conservationist, Soil Conservation Service, St. George,
Utah
14. U.S. Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service,
St. George, Utah
15. Superintendent, Zion National Park, Springdale, Utah
16. Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, Colorado
17. Regional Director, Bureau of Reclamation, Boulder City,
Nevada
18. Forest Supervisor, U.S. Forest Service, Cedar City, Utah
The following persons responded in writing to the letter of April
8, 1977.
1. U.S. Department of Commerce, O.R. Warner, Deputy Director.
Comments. Suggested we contact Mr. Arlo Richardson, Utah State
Climatologist, since U.S. Department of Commerce had discontinued the
state climatologist program several years ago.
2. Utah State Engineer, Dee C. Hansen.
Comments. He designated Gerald Stoker of their Cedar City Office
to be the representative for the State Engineer. Each of the individual
ranchers immediately affected by the proposed action was contacted
personally and their suggestions were considered in developing the
proposed action.
Because there are five allotments within Utah that are administered
by Arizona BLM and two allotments in Arizona administered by Utah (Cedar
City District), an interdi strict agreement with administrative guide-
lines has been developed and agreed upon by both BLM State Offices.
Frequent informal contacts were made with various governmental and
nongovernmental agencies and individuals to acquire data for this draft.
Included were Utah State University of Logan, Utah, Southern Utah State
College at Cedar City, Utah, Desert Range Experiment Station, Mil ford,
Utah, Soil Conservation Service at St. George and Cedar City, Utah,
9-3
CONSULTATION - COORDINATION
National Park Service, Springdale, Utah, Desert Tortoise Council, Utah
State Department of Wildlife Resources, Brigham Young University,
Federal Land Bank, Farmers Home Administration, Five-County Association
of Governments and various crop and livestock reporting services.
Comments on this draft environmental statement will be requested
from the following agencies and interest groups.
9-4
AGENCIES
FEDERAL AGENCIES
Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior
Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, U.S. Department of the Interior
Environmental Protection Agency
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department of the Interior
Solicitor, U.S. Department of the Interior
Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
STATE AGENCIES
Utah State Clearinghouse
Utah State Historic Preservation Officer
State Engineer
Division of State Parks
Division of Wildlife Resources
Division of Lands
Office of Planning and Coordination
Division of Natural Resources
LOCAL AGENCIES
Washington County Commissioners
Five-County Association of Governments
INTEREST GROUPS
Sierra Club
Wildlife Federation
9-5
CONSULTATION - COORDINATION
Natural Resources Defence Council
ISSUE
Friends of the Earth
Water Conservation District
Utah Environment Center
Utah Mining Association
National Parks and Recreation Association
American Horse Protection Association, Inc.
Zion First National Bank, St. George, Utah
Desert Tortoise Council
National Council of Public Land Users
Ada County Fish and Game League
INDIVIDUALS
James Morgan
Copies of the draft environmental statement will be available for
public inspection at the following locations:
Washington Office of Public Affairs
18th and C Streets
Washington, D.C. 20240
Phone (202) 343-5717
Bureau of Land Management
Utah State Office
University Club Building
136 East South Temple
Salt Lake City, Utah 84111
Phone (801) 524-5311
9-6
COPIES AVAILABLE
Bureau of Land Management
Cedar City District Office
1579 North Main
P.O. Box 729
Cedar City, Utah 84720
Phone (801) 586-2401
Bureau of Land Management
Dixie Area Resource Office
P.O. Box 726
St. George, Utah 84770
Phone (801) 673-4654
9-7
REFERENCE MATERIAL
App
APPENDIX I
Livestock Stocking Rates on Public Lands
(Animal Unit Months)
Base Property
Allotment Qualifications
Proposed
Action
Normal
Operation
Livestock
Forage
Potential
Ecological
Livestock
Forage
Potential
INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT
Alger Hollow (Total)
Alger Hollow
Diamond Valley
Wide Canyon
Sand Wash
1,310
734
80
284
212
872
1,032
1,901
398
326
732
445
Apex Slope (Total)
366
366
403
443
Beaver Dam Slope (Total)
Santa Clara
Slope/Beaver
Dam Slope
Indian Springs
Castle Cliffs
3,311
1,547
1,150
614
2,490
3,307
7,810
3,772
3,151
887
Big Mountain (Total)
490
325
422
1,236
Boomer Hill (Total)
Boomer Hill
Cove Wash
156
56
100
138
196
141
74
67
Boot Spring (Total)
100
60
87
61
Bull Mountain (Total)
373
100
143
3,657
Central (Total)
366
368
432
332
Coalpits (Total)
166
82
175
364
Cougar Canyon (Total)
120
120
364
1,435
Curly Hollow (Total)
1,362
1,056
1,255
633
Note: Appendix X contains a description of the methods used to derive
potential stocking rates. It includes an explanation of the differences in
ecological and livestock forage potentials.
(continued)
1-1
APPENDIX I (continued)
Allotment
Bas
Qua
e Property
lifications
Proposed
Action
Normal
Operation
Livestock
Forage
Potential
Ecological
Livestock
Forage
Potential
Dagget Flat
(Total)
309
272
412
401
Desert Inn
(Total)
1,584
1,335
2,251
5,640
Dome (Total)
Dome
Warner Valley
345
186
159
120
157
99
79
20
Fort Pierce (Total)
Fort Pierce, UT
Fort Pierce, AZ
Spendlove
2,039
845
384
810
1,673
2,345
1,015
472
NA
543
Gooseberry
(Total)
256
256
279
257
Grafton
(Total)
448
128
162
528a
Gunlock
(Total)
490
240
351
219
Herd House
(Total)
140
105
120
128
Hurricane
(Total)
122
84
101
193
Hurricane Fault (Total)
Eagle
Terrace
Frog Hollow
Workman Wash
Gould
Gould Ranch
1,755
63
396
323
272
633
68
1,218
1,569
1,602
64
503
328
193
439
75
Hurricane Mes
a (Total)
225
30
79
553
Jackson Wash
(Total)
1,682
1,450
1,746
3,471
Land Hill
(Total)
60
39
59
67
Little Creek
(Total)
641
641
754
914
aIncludes pot
ential for
North Grafton
NA = Not avai
lable
(continued)
1-2
APPENDIX I (continued)
Base
Allotment Quali
Property
fi cations
Proposed
Action
Normal
Operation
Livestock
Forage
Potential
Ecological
Livestock
Forage
Potential
Mesa (Total)
90
24
41
183
Minera Wash (Total)
255
206
259
598
Red Cliffs (Total)
Red Cliffs
Silver Reef
Leeds
782
554
80
148
376
602
474
317
148
9
Sand Mountain (Total) 2
Sand Mountain 1
Sand
Sand Mountain
Spring
,300
,556
504
240
1,477
2,285
2,030
1,340
472
218
Sandstone Mountain (Total)
114
93
147
107
Santa Clara Creek (Total)
117
69
93
86
Scarecrow Peak (Total) 2
Catclaw
Terry
Beaver Dam Wash 1
,246
228
529
,489
1,680
2,125
3,646
153
697
2,796
Short Creek (Total)
Short Creek
Canaan Gap
Canyon
516
288
288
60
555
634
535
191
155
189
Smith Mesa (Total)
144
36
36
113
Toquerville (Total)
Toquerville
Pintura
Ash Creek
LaVerkin
392
146
90
88
68
188
243
574
120
257
148
49
Trail (Total)
240
147
164
379
aT^„i j j. • i *
Includes potential for North Grafton
NA = Not available
(continued)
1-3
APPENDIX I (continued)
Allotment
Base
Qual i
Property
fi cations
Proposed
Action
Normal
Operation
Livestock
Forage
Potential
Ecological
Livestock
Forage
Potential
Twin Peaks
(Total) 1
,428
1,112
1,656
3,191
Veyo
(Total)
342
339
468
819
Virgin
Virgin
Mountain 1
(Total )
tell
251
183
68
136
160
244
221
23
Warner Ridge
(Total)
64
45
65
57
Washington
(Total)
248
153
176
312
White Dome
(Total)
35
100
108
166
SUB TOTAL
27
,780
20,304
27,463
46,614
Custodial in AMPsb
Coalpits
c
49
49
c
Fault
54
37
37
c
Herd House
c
33
33
c
Hurricane
c
12
12
c
Hurricane Mesa
c
49
49
c
Mesa
c
17
17
c
Scarecrow Peak
Snow Hold
ing Pasture
c
d
d
d
.Includes potential for North Grafton.
Livestock forage potentials for custodial allotments are the same as the
proposed action, normal operation, because the objective is to maintain the
present stocking rate.
.Included in intensive management allotments.
Used as a holding pasture only; AUMs are not allocated.
NA = Not available
(continued)
1-4
APPENDIX I (continued)
Proposed
Ecological
Action
Livestock
Livestock
Base Property
Normal
Forage
Forage
Allotment
Qualifications
Operation
Potential
Potential
Virgin
Mountain Dell
c
16
16
c
White Dome
c
8
8
c
SUB TOTAL
54
221
221
0
CUSTODIAL
Airport
9
7
7
6
Black Canyon
15
12
12
55
Box Canyon
48
48
48
52
Cinder Mountain
154
27
27
57
Dal ton Wash
33
26
26
54
Lamoreaux
55
11
11
0
Little Plain
60
16
16
85
North Grafton
31
12
12
c
Red Butte
126
12
12
11
Rock Spring
85
12
12
29
Sand Hills
110
28
28
70
Sand Wash Reservoir
41
13
13
NA
bIncludes potential for North Grafton.
Livestock forage potentials for custodial allotments are the same as the
proposed action, normal operation, because the objective is to maintain the
present stocking rate.
^Included in intensive management allotments.
Used as a holding pasture only; AUMs are not allocated.
NA = Not available (continued)
1-5
APPENDIX I (concluded)
Allotment
Base
Quali
Property
fi cations
Proposed
Action
Normal
Operation
Livestock
Forage
Potential
Ecological
Livestock
Forage
Potential
Stout
19
2
2
41
Yellow Knolls
123
16
16
16
SUB TOTAL
909
242
242
476
ELIMINATION OF
GRAZING
LaVerkin Creek
99
0
0
1,237
Pace Knoll
0
0
0
220
Pintura Seeding
63
0
0
257
SUB TOTAL
162
0
0
1,714
TOTAL
11
J, 905
20,767
27,926
48,804
.Includes potential for North Grafton.
Livestock forage potentials for custodial allotments are the same as the
proposed action, normal operation, because the objective is to maintain the
present stocking rate.
.Included in intensive management allotments.
Used as a holding pasture only; AUMs are not allocated.
NA = Not available
1-6
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appendix in
STATIC OK UTAH
Scott M. Matlieson, Governor
Novcubcr 9, 1977
Mr. William G. Lcavcll
Associates State Director
U.S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Land Management
University Club Building
136 East South Temple
Salt Lake City, UT 84111
Dear Mr. Lcavell:
Michael I). Gallivan
Executive Director
104 St.itc Capitol
Salt Lake City, Utah SI I It
Telephone: (KOI) 5 33 -:'><) Gl
RE: Hot Desert Grazing Management, Cooperative Agreement No. 126
The staff has reviewed the Memorandum of Understanding and concur
with the Cooperative Agreement. I have signed the Agreement
and am returning one copy to you. Your proposed means to insure
protection of cultural values is acceptable.
Should you have any questions, please contact Wilson G. Martin,
Preservation Planner, Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84102, (801) 533-5755. /
Sincerely, '
Michael' D. Gallivan
Executive Director
and
State Historic Preservation Officer
WGM:jjw:B153
III-1
INDUSTRIAL PROMOTION TRAVI'.L DKVKI.OPMI.NT EXPOSITIONS STATK HISTORY ■ 1 INI*. AIMS
REFERENCE MATERIAL
CULTURAL RESOURCES
MEMORANDUM OK UNDERSTANDING
HOT DESERT GRAZING MANAGEMENT
BETWEEN
THE BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT
AND THE
STATE OF UTAH
I. Purpose
The Bureau of Land Management, hereinafter referred to as the Bureau, is
preparing the Hot Desert Grazing Management Environmental Statement (Hot
Desert Grazing ES), under the provisions of the National Environmental
Policy Act of 1969, for a portion of Washington County, Utah. The
Bureau has determined that cultural values could be damaged or lost as a
result of actions proposed in the Hot Desert ES. The Utah State Historic
Preservation Office, hereinafter referred to as the State, is interested
in assuring that damage and loss of cultural values in Utah be minimized.
The Bureau and the State have consulted and agree as to the measures,
outlined in this agreement, which should be undertaken to protect these
values, should authorization be granted to use public lands in Utah for
the purpose of the proposed project. In this agreement, "cultural
values" means data and sites v/hich have archaeological, historical,
architectural, and cultural importance and interest.
II. Authority
This agreement is authorized under the Federal Land Policy and Management
Act of 1976 and the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. It is
III-2
APPENDIX III
in accord with Bureau policies and programs. It docs not abrogate nor
amend any other agreement between the Bureau and the State.
III. Responsibilities and Procedures
A. As part of the planning process and environmental analysis
required prior to major grazing management decisions, the Bureau will
search for archaeological and historical literature concerning the Hot
Desert area. The Bureau has conducted a stratified random sample survey
of one percent of the public lands in the Hot Desert area. The strata
consisted of vegetative zones, and the sample units were quarter sections.
The one percent survey provides for an intensive survey of each chosen
quarter section, meaning that all cultural values observable on the
surface of that area are recorded.
B. The Bureau will comply with 36 CFR 800.4(a) in identifying
sites which are listed in or eligible for inclusion in the National
Register for Historic Places.
C. After completing the planning and environmental analysis
processes, should the proposed management be implemented, the Bureau
will follow the following procedures:
1. Prior to initiation of ground-disturbing activities,
literature searches and intensive surveys will be undertaken in all
areas which would be disturbed.
2. Wherever possible and feasible, cultural values will be
avoided by construction and related activities. This will be accomplished
mainly by rerouting linear facilities, such as roads, fences, and pipelines
and adjusting locations of other facilities.
III-3
REFERENCE MATERIAL
3. Wherever it is not possible and feasible to avoid sites
that contain cultural values, such values will be evaluated and salvaged
if other protective measures are unavailable. Salvage operations will
obtain as much data as possible from each site. In instances whore
access would greatly increase the possibility of vandalism, salvage may
be required within a buffer zone to be determined by the Bureau.
4. To minimize damage or loss of cultural values not visible
on the ground surface, a professional archaeologist will be present when
ground-disturbing operations are underway.
5. Subsurface cultural values that are encountered during
any construction will be salvaged, as there is no other recourse in such
a situation.
D. The Bureau will provide reports and other information, as
requested by the State.
E. The State wil 1 provide the Bureau with a letter, for use as an
exhibit in the Hot Desert Grazing ES, to the effect that the measures
proposed by the Bureau to minimize damage of cultural values will satisfy
the State's interests.
IV. Implementation
A. This agreement will become effective on the date of the last
signature of this agreement.
B. Hither party may request revision or cancellation of this
agreement by written notice, not less than 30 days prior to the time
when such action is proposed.
in-4
APPENDIX III
C. Any problems resulting from this agreement which cannot be
resolved by the Bureau and the State will be referred to the Secretary
of the Interior and the Governor of Utah for resolution.
FJOV 7
1977
Date
Nqvciiib er 9, 1977
~ Date
Assoc-i^sutah State Uirecfof
Bureau of Land Management
Department of the Interior
/
V
Utah State Historic
Preservation Officer
III-5
APPENDIX IV
Land Use Planning
Range Suitability Criteria and Standards. The Range staff of BLM Denver
Service Center has developed a basic range suitability guide to aid
field personnel of BLM in adjusting grazing capacities and the amount of
suitable range available for grazing by domestic livestock, while bear-
ing in mind the various aspects of the plant-soil environment. These
Range Suitability Criteria and Standards are founded on as many reput-
able sources of research information as possible in four parameters of
major influence (productivity, slope, distance from water, and soil
erosion).
The Forest Service, in analyzing rangelands, uses the term "suit-
ability" to define land adaptable to livestock use. Suitable range
means forage-producing land, which can be grazed on a sustained-yield
basis under an attainable management system without damage to the basic
soil resource of the specific or adjacent areas. This term is often
confused with the common term "usable". Many areas can be grazed by
livestock and are, therefore, usable, but they cannot be grazed year
after year without damage to the soil resource. Thus, ranges that can
be grazed by livestock can be called usable, but may not be suitable
because of the resulting damage to the sites. Ranges are suitable only
if they can be grazed on a sustained-yield basis without damage to the
basic soil resource (Forest Service Handbook, 1964).
The Range Suitability Criteria and Standards are arranged in table
1-1. Figure 1-1 is a graph of the relationship of slope versus distance
based on the table in the key.
Each individual office can adapt or adjust the key, within certain
limits, to specific unique management situations. A suitability guide
for Cedar City District has been prepared.
Adjustments for specific standards to specific allotments would
occur at the most limiting parameter of influence that would most affect
the Suitability Criteria (Brady, 1974; Odum, 1971; Stoddart et al . ,
1975).
IV-1
REFERENCE MATERIAL
It is not anticipated that rangelands identified as "unsuitable"
for grazing would be fenced and all grazing prohibited except in unusual
special conditions where threatened and endangered species, very cri-
tical wildlife habitat, and scenic beauty necessitate fencing as the
only means of providing protection. Rather, unsuitable rangelands would
not be given carrying capacity for domestic livestock. Additionally, no
range improvements, e.g., water developments would be located in unsuit-
able areas and no management actions e.g., salting would be taken which
deliberately attract grazing animals into unsuitable rangelands.
IV-2
TABLE 1
Range Suitability Guidelines for Cedar City District, BLM
1.
2.
or
3.
or
or
Service area of water is greater than 3 miles (flat terrain) PS
If service area of water is less than 3 miles,
then a or b:
a. Current and/or potential production of usable perennial U
forage is less than 16 pounds per acre (capacity is
less than 50 acres per AUM)
b. Current and/or potential production of usable perennial S
forage is greater than 16 pounds per acre (capacity is
greater than 50 acres per AUM)
If Soil Surface Factor (SSF) is 60 or greater,
then a or b:
a. Potential to reduce SSF through proper livestock manage- U
ment is less than 10 percent.
b. Potential to reduce SSF through proper livestock manage- PS
ment is greater than 10 percent within 20 years.
If SSF is less than 60,
then a or b:
a. If SSF is 40 to 60,
then 1 or 2:
1. Slope is greater than 20 percent U
2. Slope is less than 20 percent S
b. If SSF is less than 40, see table below.
Slope
Percent
Distance
Up Slope
0-20%
to 4 miles
21-30%
to 0.6 miles
over 0.6 miles
31-40%
to 0.4 miles
over 0.4 miles
41-50%
to 0.3 miles
over 0.3 miles
greater than
51% slope
Suitable
X
X
X
X
Unsuitable
x"
X*
*x"
X
PS = Potentially U = Unsuitable S = Suitable
IV-3
~j i r i i i i r~ ■ "~i i i ' i i r r
5 10 15 20 2? 50 2? 4o 45 50 ;; 60 65 70 75 So £5 90 55 100
$6 Percent Slope %
FIGURE 1
Relationship of Slope and Distance Up Slope (or from
water) Which Indicates Suitable/Unsuitable
Grazing Land
IV-4
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V-10
APPENDIX VI
Evaluation Methods - Soil Erosion, Washington County
Current erosion rates in Washington County were estimated using a
method developed by the Water Management Subcommittee of the Pacific
Southwest Interagency Committee (PSIC). Nine separate factors were
evaluated to determine current sediment yield. The factors evaluated
were: surface geology, soils, climate, runoff, topography, ground
cover, land use, upland erosion, and channel erosion and sediment trans-
port.
Samples were taken at 155 separate locations by Bureau of Land
Management (BLM) field crews as part of a watershed inventory conducted
in the fall of 1975. For that portion of the area in Arizona, erosion
rates were estimated using a method developed by the BLM Denver Service
Center. The factors used in the evaluation were: soil texture, pre-
cipitation, rooting depth, bare ground, utilization of vegetation,
present erosion class (soil surface factor), and severity of gullying.
These factors were assigned numbers corresponding to those on the
data sheet developed by the PSIC. Erosion rates in acre-feet per square
mile per year were then taken from the PSIC form. These erosion rates
were compared with actual sediment yield data collected by SCS at ten
locations in a variety of sediment yielding areas. Where the two
methods of calculating sediment yield did not compare favorably, the
PSIC method was adjusted to agree with the actual measurements of SCS.
In order to predict the effect of the proposal on the current
sediment yield, the impacts described in table 3-1 were projected on the
existing erosion condition as shown on table 2-5. Acreages within a
given erosion potential were tabulated by impact (positive, negative, no
change). It is logical to assume that if a particular allotment was
impacted negatively, for example, the resulting influence on sediment
yield would depend on the erosion susceptibility of the allotment. A
negative impact to an allotment containing a high proportion of soils
with a slight potential to erode would not be as significant as a
VI-1
REFERENCE MATERIAL
negative impact on an allotment that is highly susceptible to erosion.
Basically, current erosion rates would be reduced by positive impacts
and increased by negative impacts.
The Universal Soil Loss Equation (SCS, 1976) can be used to esti-
mate the gross movement of soil that occurs from sheet and rill erosion.
Other forms of erosion (gully, streambank) cannot be determined by this
equation. As used in the context of this analysis, a more important
function of the equation is to identify the variables affecting erosion,
show their relationship to one another, and indicate the extent to which
they can be manipulated by management. Factors can be adjusted to see
what effect various management and conservation practices would have on
soil loss.
The complete Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is: A = RKLSCP
Where A is the computed soil loss (sheet and fill erosion) in tons per
acre per year;
R the rainfall factor, is the number of erosion - index unit
computed from the characteristics of rainfall during a normal
year, for a given geographical area;
K the soil erodibility factor, is the erosion rate per unit of
erosion - index for a specific soil in cultivated continuous
fallow, on a 9-percent slope 72.6 feet long;
L the slope - length factor, is the ratio of the soil loss from
the field slope length to that from a 72.6 feet length on the
same soil type and gradient;
S the slope - gradient factor, is the ratio of soil loss from
the field gradient to that from a 9-percent slope;
C the cropping management factor, is the ratio of soil loss from
a field with specified cropping and management, or type of
VI-2
APPENDIX VI
vegetative cover to that from the fallow condition on which
the K factor is evaluated;
P the erosion - control practice factor, is the ratio of soil
loss with contouring, stripcropping or terracing to that with
straight-row farming, up-and-down slope (generally applies
only to cropland).
Management decisions generally influence erosion losses by changes
in the C and P factors in the USLE. The L factor is modified by terrac-
ing. The other three factors, R, K, and S, are fixed for a given loca-
tion.
A calculation of the equation for a hypothetical area that is
typical of the Hot Desert shows:
Universal Soil Loss Equation A = RKSSCP
Where
R * 25; factor obtained for Hot Desert Area Universal Soil Loss Equation
SCS, 1976.
K = .18; factor obtained for average soil in Hot Desert using soil
association information by allotment (Appendix V) and Soil Erodibility
and Soil Loss Factors for Utah Soils SCS, 1977.
LS = G.16; factor obtained from SCS, 1976. Assumes an arbitrary 30-
percent slope with a length of 60 feet.
C = .28; factor obtained from SCS, 1976. Assumes an arbitrary canopy
consisting of low brush with a canopy cover of 25 percent and a ground
cover of 10 percent.
P = 1.0; factor obtained from SCS, 1976. Assumes no cross-slope type
erosion practices such as contour stripping.
VI-3
REFERENCE MATERIAL
A = 7.76 tons per acre per year or converted to acre-feet per square
mile per year (similar to table 2-5) is 2.07.
In the event the proposal effects a 10-percent increase in ground
cover on this hypothetical area, the C value would be reduced to .20.
The sediment yield (A) would be reduced to 5.5 tons per acre per year or
1.47 acre-feet per square mile per year.
In this illustration, a 28-percent decrease in the erosion rate
would occur. In actuality, a smaller increase would probably be real-
ized since there is a high degree of variability between sites in the
Hot Desert and each would respond differently to an increase in ground
cover.
The other factors considered in the Universal Soil Loss Equation
have a more pronounced effect on soil loss. For example, soil loss for
the sample calculation was 7.76 tons per acre per year. If the site
would have a slope gradient of 40 percent (rather than 30 percent), the
soil loss would be near 12.35 tons per acre per year, an increase of 37
percent.
VI -A
APPENDIX VII
Description of Vegetative Types
Desert Shrub. The desert shrub type occurs on low elevations and in low
rainfall areas. Desert shrub vegetation is found on all 17 soil asso-
ciations identified by SCS in this area. Soil textures range from silty
clay loam to very stony sandy loam.
The dominant plant species is blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima).
This species may vary from 25 to near 100 percent of the composition
where it occurs. In the lower elevations near the Arizona border, it is
often found with bursage (Franseria dumosa) as a codominant species.
Typical percent composition is as follows:
Perennial Grass 8 percent
Shrubs 70 percent
Forbs and Annuals 22 percent
Usable livestock forage is desired from the associated species
within this type such as Brigham tea (Ephedra s£. ), winter fat (Eurotia
lanata), bursage, galleta grass (Hi 1 aria jamesii), sand dropseed
(Sporobolus s£. ), Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides), blackbrush,
and annual grass and forbs. In addition to these species, wildlife
forage is provided by desert almond (Prunus fasciculata). This type is
important to quail, small mammals, and birds. The plant vigor of desir-
able forage species in this type is generally poor and ground cover
ranges between 5 to 30 percent.
Pi nyon- juniper. The pi nyon- juniper type generally occurs in mid-
elevation areas between the desert and mountain zones. At low eleva-
tions and in areas where rainfall is low, juniper trees (Juniperus sp.)
are more dominant and often occur without pinyon trees (Pinus sp.).
However, as the rainfall and elevation increase, the occurrence of
pinyon trees increases. This type occurs on undulating-to-steep moun-
tain topography and can be found throughout the area. The soil texture
ranges from loamy fine sand to very stony sandy loam and soils are
typically shallow.
VII-1
REFERENCE MATERIA!,
This type is generally associated with low-growing shrubs. Species
composition is variable between sites but generally at lower elevations.
Mohave Desert Ceanothus (Ceanothus greggii), live oak (Quercus
turbinella), and blackbrush are common. Higher elevations near Dixie
National Forest and Zion National Park are characterized by big sage-
brush (Artemisia tridentata), antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata),
cliffrose ( Cowan i a stansburiana), Utah serviceberry (Amelanchier
utahensis), and mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus). Perennial
grasses such as desert needlegrass (Stipa speciosa), squirrel tail grass
(Sitanion hystrix) and muttongrass (Poa fendleriana) are found at vari-
able elevations throughout this type. These understory species provide
forage for wildlife and livestock and the dominant pi nyon- juniper over-
story provides cover for wildlife. This type is important for deer.
Typical percent composition is as follows:
Perennial Grass 5 percent
Shrubs and Trees 80 percent
Forbs and Annuals 15 percent
The vigor of the desirable forage species in this type is fair;
ground cover varies between 10 to 30 percent.
Sagebrush. The sagebrush type is scattered throughout the area and is
normally found in higher rainfall areas. It occurs in pure stands or
can be mixed with other shrubs and grasses. Sagebrush extends into the
pinyon-juniper zone at higher elevations. Big sagebrush is one of the
dominant species. Another species, sandsage (Artemisia filifolia) is
locally dominant in areas of sandy soil such as Sand Mountain. The soil
texture ranges from silty clay loam to very stony sandy loam. Other
species that provide forage for livestock include Indian ricegrass, sand
dropseed, and Brigham tea. The sagebrush, perennial grass, Brigham tea,
and forbs are valuable wildlife forage and the type as a whole is impor-
tant for cover to deer, quail, small mammals and birds.
Typical percent composition is as follows:
Perennial Grass 15 percent
Shrubs 73 percent
Forbs and Annuals 12 percent
VII-2
APPENDIX VII
The vigor of the desirable forage species in this type is fair to
poor; and ground cover varies from 15 to 24 percent.
Joshua Tree. The extent of this type is limited to the southwest corner
of the county at low elevations. The Joshua tree (Yucca brevi folia)
grows in open groves at the upper limits of the creosote bush (Larrea
tridentata) type and is endemic to the Mohave Desert biome. This type
occurs on well -drained alluvial soils that can range in depth and
texture. Most livestock and wildlife forage is supplied by shrubs that
are found in the desert shrub and creosote bush types but composition is
variable as it depends on the amount of Joshua tree and creosote bush
present. Perennial grasses such as Indian ricegrass and bush muhly
(Muhlenbergia porteri) and annuals that include fillaree (Erodium
cicutarium) also provide forage to livestock and wildlife. This type is
important to quail, small mammals, birds, and reptiles. Areas within
this type are also habitat for the Desert tortoise.
General percent composition is as follows:
Perennial Grass 4 percent
Shrubs and Trees 76 percent
Forbs and Annuals 20 percent
The vigor of the desirable forage species in this type is poor to
fair; ground cover varies between 5 to 15 percent.
Creosote Bush. The creosote bush type occurs at low elevations and in
low precipitation areas. The dominant shrub, creosote bush, sometimes
occurs in extensive, nearly pure stands on broad alluvial fans and
flats. The type generally occurs in the southern half of the area.
Short-lived annual vegetation flourishes in the spring when precipita-
tion is ample. Forage is limited in this type, but annuals such as
brome grass (Bromus sp. ) and fillaree and shrubs such as bursage, Brig-
ham tea, range ratany (Krameria parvi folia) and indigo bush (Dalea
f remonti i ) provide forage for wildlife and livestock. This type is
important habitat for quail, small mammals, and birds.
VII-3
REFERENCE MATERIAL
Typical percent composition is as follows:
Perennial Grass 5 percent
Shrubs 70 percent
Forbs and Annuals 25 percent
The vigor of the desirable forage species in this type is fair to
poor; percent ground cover varies between 5 to 15 percent. The soil
texture varies as does soil depth. Grass. The grass type occurs at
mid-elevations in areas where precipitation and soils are favorable.
There are small areas of native galleta grass south of the Little Creek
Mountain. Big galleta grass (Hi 1 aria rigida) is also found in areas
south of Washington. Other grass areas identified on the map are seeded
areas with crested wheat-grass (Agropyron desertorum) being the most
important species. These areas supply substantial amounts of livestock
forage but are limited in their extent. The grass type supplies forage
to wildlife and shrubs within this type provide cover.
The typical percent composition is as follows:
Perennial Grass 50 percent
Shrubs 30 percent
Forbs and Annuals 20 percent
The vigor of the desirable forage species in this type is poor to
fair. The percent ground cover varies between 18 to 25 percent.
Half Shrub. This type occupies relatively small areas at mid-
elevations; rainfall varies. The half shrub type is located mainly in
valley bottoms and in areas accessible to livestock. The dominant
species is snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) with little rabbi tbrush
(Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus and stenophyllus) being codominant in
certain areas. Associated vegetation is similar to that found in other
vegetative types with the composition varying with the degree of inva-
sion by the species noted above. Livestock and wildlife forage is
provided by the smaller amounts of desirable shrubs and perennial
grasses found in this type. Annuals and forbs are also important forage
sources when they are abundant. This type is important habitat for
quail, small mammals, and birds. This type is found on a wide range of
soils and occurs where plants are heavily grazed.
VII-4
APPENDIX VII
The typical composition in percent is as follows:
Perennial Grass 15 percent
Shrubs 65 percent
Forbs and Annuals 20 percent
The vigor of the desirable forage species in this type is fair to
poor and the percent ground cover varies between 8 to 20 percent.
Saltbush. The extent of this vegetative type is quite small and occurs
in the White Hills area west of Bloomington, Utah and other small areas
located near the Fort Pierce and Canaan Gap areas. This type is found
at low elevations. The dominant species is shadscale (Atriplex confer-
ti folia) although fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) is associated
with this type. The saltbush type is found on erosive soils and in
areas where ground cover is 5 to 10 percent.
The typical composition in percent is as follows:
Perennial Grass 5 percent
Shrubs 70 percent
Forbs and Annuals 25 percent
The vigor of the desirable forage species in the saltbush type is
poor. Although desirable forage species for livestock are found in this
type, they do not cover extensive areas. Cover for wildlife is limited,
but shrubs such as shadscale, fourwing saltbush, and Brigham tea provide
food. When abundant, annuals and forbs are also important.
Annuals. Although annual plants are found in every vegetative type,
predominant annual vegetation is limited in extent and large areas are
found south of Shivwits as a result of a range fire many years ago.
Principal species include cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), red brome
(Bromus rubens) , and Russian thistle (Salsola kali). The forage produc-
tion of this type is variable and depends on adequate moisture. These
annuals are important for wildlife, but cover is limited in this type.
Typical vegetation composition in percent is as follows:
Perennial Grass 10 percent
Shrubs 20 percent
Forbs and Annuals 70 percent
VII-5
REFERENCE MATERIAL
The vigor of the desirable forage species in this type is poor;
percent ground cover varies between 5 to 15 percent. Soil depth is
typically shallow.
vii-6
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to II
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VIII-8
APPENDIX IX
Ecological Range Site Condition
SCS
Rang
Site
e
Range
er Site Name
Pi
ibl
ic Land
Acres
Numb
Total
Excel le
nt
Good
Fair
Poor
6
Southern Desert
Loam
11,110
555
2,222
3,333
5,000
7
Southern Desert
Sand
13,655
683
2,048
4,096
6,823
8
Southern Desert
Shallow Hardpan
15,760
0
1,576
3,152
11,032
9
Southern Desert
Stony Loam
14,899
745
1,638
5,066
7,450
10
Southern Semi
Desert Malpai
16,360
2,450
4,100
4,100
5,710
11
Southern Semi
Desert Shallow
Hardpan (8 to 10
precipitation)
45,380
0
4,538
11,345
29,497
12 Southern Semi 39,390 0 0 11,817 27,573
Desert Shallow
Hardpan (10 to 12
precipitation)
13 Southern Semi 14,990 0 0 2,998 11,992
Desert Shallow
Loam
14 Upland Loam 800 0 0 160 640
(summer
precipitation)
Source: Soil Conservation Service, 1973 Survey.
Note: Range site numbers and names correspond to those contained in
1973 SCS Soil Survey. Range Site names also correspond to those
contained in Appendix V.
(continued)
IX-1
APPENDIX IX (continued)
scs
Range
Site Range
Public
Land
Ac
res
Number Site Name Total
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
15 Upland Sand 2,560
NA
NA
NA
NA
(pi nyon- juniper -
summer precipitation)
16 Upland Shallow 2,850
NA
NA
NA
NA
Shale (pinyon-
juniper - summer
precipitation)
17 Upland Stony Hills 67,811 NA NA NA NA
(juniper - summer
precipitation)
18 Upland Stony Loam 4,520 0 1,130 2,260 1,130
(pi nyon- juniper
summer
precipitation)
19
Southern Upland
Loam
2,320
0
222
494
1,604
20
Southern Upland
Loam (shrub)
20,161
0
2,016
8,065
10,080
21
Southern Upland
Shallow Loam
(pi nyon- juniper)
12,900
NA
NA
NA
NA
22 Southern Upland 5,560 NA NA NA NA
Stony Sand
(pinyon-juniper)
25 Semiwet Stream 465 0 0 418 47
Bottoms
Note: Range site numbers and names correspond to those contained in
1973 SCS Soil Survey. Range site names also correspond to those
contained in Appendix V.
NA = Not available (continued)
IX-2
APPENDIX IX (continued)
SCS
Range
Site Range Publ ic Land Acres
Number Site Name Total Excellent Good Fair Poor
26 Southern Semi 6,420 0 321 963 5,136
Desert Loam
TOTALS 297,911 4,433 19,811 58,267 123,719
PERCENT 1 4 11 23
Acres from range sites 15, 16, 17, 21, and 22 where there is no
information available: 91,681, 17%.
Not a range site: 231,653, 44%
Total all acres: 529,564 100%
Note: Range site numbers and names correspond to those contained in
1973 SCS Soil Survey. Range Site names also correspond to those
contained in Appendix V.
NA = Not available
IX-3
APPENDIX X
Description of Survey Procedures
The following is a summary of procedures used to determine the
present and potential grazing capacity in the Hot Desert ES area.
The procedure has been divided into three components and will be
discussed in the following order: (1) determination of current grazing
capacity; (2) allocation of grazing capacity to livestock and wildlife;
and (3) determination of potential grazing capacity.
Determination of Current Grazing Capacity. During 1976, BLM employees
completed a forage inventory in the Hot Desert ES area. The Ocular
Reconnaisance Inventory Method (BLM Manual 4412. 11A) was used and the
following is a summary of procedures.
The inventory consisted of 2 phases: data collection and compila-
tion of data. In order to complete the data collection phase, the ES
area was first divided into vegetative subtypes (a relatively homogenous
group of plants). Photo interpretation was used to outline the more
obvious vegetative subtypes on aerial photography. These delineations
were verified and added to during the data gathering process. Some of
the major vegetative subtypes identified in the ES area were gall eta
grass, crested wheatgrass, sagebrush, sandsage, blackbrush, bursage,
cresote bush, snakeweed, live oak, and pinyon-juniper. A write-up area
was delineated for each vegetative subtype by allotment.
The next phase was collecting data within the various writeup
areas. The Ocular Reconnaisance Inventory Method required measurement
or estimation of vegetative density (cover) and composition of the
various species within each vegetative subtype. To get a reasonably
accurate sample, the data collection team first established the location
of one or more sites within the write-up area which reasonably repre-
sented the vegetative characteristics of the writeup area.
A 100-point transect was then run. At each point on the transect,
the observer determined if a "hit" was made on a plant. If so, the
species was recorded and a determination was made whether the plant was
available to grazing animals. The number of hits of vegetation was then
x-1
REFERENCE MATERIAL
translated directly into density (percent vegetative cover), i.e., 25
hits equals 25 percent density. The determination of plant composition
for each species by write-up area was made using the transect informa-
tion supplemented by an ocular estimate of composition because a 100-
point transect does not give an accurate representation of plant compo-
sition by itself. Training to estimate percent composition was conducted
by running a transect until 100 hits were obtained on live vegetation.
The percentage of hits on any particular species was divided by the
total hits and that figure became the percentage composition, i.e., 20
hits on plant A divided by 100 equals 20 percent composition of plant A.
All transect information was supplemented by other observations within
the write-up area. The results of the transect and observations were
recorded on BLM form Resource Field Data Record. This process was
repeated for each of the 900 write-up areas in the Hot Desert area.
A number of other observations were also made in each write-up area
such as livestock forage condition rating, apparent trend, utilization
patterns, erosion conditions, range suitability, plant phenology,
threatened and endangered plant species, existing range improvements,
undeveloped water, percent slope, elevation, exposure, transect hits on
litter, bare ground, and rocks.
The second phase of determining grazing capacity involved compila-
tion. The following is a description of the actions taken to arrive at
a grazing capacity. The first step was to multiply the composition of
each species by the Proper Use Factor (PUF). A PUF represents the
percent of a plant's current year's growth that can be consumed by
grazing animals without causing damage to the plant or a decline in
range condition. Proper Use Factors varied depending on the physiology
of the plant, type of grazing animal, and the season when grazing
occured. Proper Use Factors for all common species were listed by
grazing animal and each grazing season on a PUF table. Form 4412-1
shows an example of PUFs and how they are used in a grazing capacity
determination.
x-2
APPENDIX X
The products of multyplying each species' composition by the appro-
priate PUF was then added. This sum was multiplied by the average
vegetative density (percent vegetative cover) and is shown on Form
4412-1 as the Forage Acre Factor (FAF). The forage acre factor repre-
sented the part of an area that was covered with usable forage in the
write-up area, i.e., FAF of 3.9 means that 3.9 percent of the write-up
area was covered with available forage.
The next step involved multiplying the FAF by a utilization factor.
The utilization factor is the percent of the forage usable by a partic-
ular group of animals (cows, sheep, deer, etc.) within the write-up
area. In the Hot Desert ES area, the percent utilization factor was 100
percent, since unsuitable acres were not included within the write-up
areas. They were delineated prior to determination of write-up areas.
Some write-up areas included deer AUMs only because the entire area was
unsuitable for livestock grazing. The product of this multiplication
(FAF x Utilization Factor = Net FAF) is the Net Forage Acre Factor.
Following this process, the Net Forage Acre Factor was divided by
the Forage Acre Requirement (FAR). The FAR is that portion of an acre
covered with sufficient forage to sustain one cow and calf or their
equivalent for 1 month.
The result of this division process is the grazing capacity of the
writeup area expressed in acres per AUM, i.e., the number of acres
required to produce one AUM. By dividing this figure into the number of
acres in the vegetative subtype, the number of AUMs available was ob-
tained (Form 4412-1). This process was repeated for each of the 900
write-up areas in the Hot Desert ES area. The result was the total
number of AUMs available for grazing.
One of the most important steps of the Ocular Reconnaissance Inven-
tory Method was determining the Forage Acre Requirement. A total of
three Forage Acre Requirements was utilized in the Hot Desert ES area.
A 0.4 FAR was computed on the crested wheatgrass seedings. At the
higher elevations and on sandy sites, a 0.6 FAR was used and the major
FAR 0.7 was utilized on the remaining area.
X-3
REFERENCE MATERIAL
The Forage Acre Requirement of 0.7 was determined from a pasture in
good range condition containing 4,991 acres. Actual use and utilization
data were available over a 5-year period and the pasture had similar
vegetative subtypes, soils and precipitation data as the ES area.
To determine the forage acres on the proper grazed pasture, six
100-point transects were completed in each of the four vegetative sub-
types. A forage acre is the number of acres in a specific area that are
completely covered by available forage.
Calculations used to compute the Forage Acre Requirement are illus-
trated in table 1.
The calculations reveal a properly grazed pasture for a forage acre
requirement is determined from actual use and utilization studies. The
same personnel who determined the FAR, surveyed the Hot Desert ES area.
Therefore, the area surveyed was compared to the properly grazed pasture
in terms of whether or not it was more or less productive.
Allocation of Grazing Capacity to Livestock and Wildlife. To allocate
grazing capacity for livestock and wildlife, a total allowable PUF was
assigned to each plant species and then appropriated between livestock
and wildlife (Form 4412-1). As an example, the following PUFs were
established for blackbrush:
Cattle Wildlife
Total PUF or percent current PUF or percent current
Allowable years' growth allocated years' growth allocated
Blackbrush
25 10 15
If the write-up area is suitable for grazing and cattle and wild-
life are present, then 25 percent of the current year's growth is alloc-
ated to cattle and wildlife, 10 percent to cattle and 15 percent to
wildlife.
X-4
APPENDIX X
If wildlife is not present and the write-up area is suitable for
cattle, then only 10 percent of the current year's growth can be allowed
for cattle. Likewise, if the write-up area is unsuitable for cattle but
suitable for wildlife, then only 15 percent of the current year's growth
can be allocated to wildlife. This is because the PUF is based on the
percent current year's growth a plant can be utilized by a specific
animal without causing a decline in range condition. For example,
Mormon tea is a key species present in the blackbrush subtype. By the
time cattle have utilized Mormon tea, approximately 50 percent of the
blackbrush has been grazed about 10 percent. But if 25 percent of the
current year's growth of blackbrush was allocated to cattle, Mormon tea
would be utilized in excess of the proper amount and the range condition
would decline.
Existing and potential wildlife numbers were furnished by the
Division of Wildlife Resources.
Determination of Potential Grazing Capacity. Immediately following the
Ocular Reconnaisance Inventory in the Hot Desert ES area, BLM personnel
determined potential grazing capacity on 16 sites which included relic
and good condition areas. All of these sites were located within the
Hot Desert ES area and represented different vegetative subtypes, soils
associations, and precipitation zones.
Those sites in or near a climax condition were used as comparison
areas to determine the capability of the various range sites to produce
livestock and wildlife forage under ideal conditions.
The potential grazing capacity for livestock and wildlife on the 16
sites were determined by the Ocular Reconnaisance Inventory Method and
then compared to range sites that were not in good condition, but con-
tained similar soils, vegetation, and precipitation. The potential AUMs
that the range sites are capable of producing were then summarized in
the AMP. However, the AMPs do not contain the Ecological Site Potential
AUMs in all cases, but are those potential AUMs that could possibly be
achieved through proper management within the time designated in the
objectives of the AMP, usually a 24-year period. Appendix I indicates
X-5
REFERENCE MATERIAL
that a total of 27,926 livestock AUMs are expected to be produced when
management plans are implemented and objectives attained.
Ecological site potential production was also determined using
information obtained by SCS, in their 1973 Soil Survey of Washington
County. They used the Weight Estimate Inventory Method to sample 19
relic sites within or near the ES area. The total pounds per acre of
forage being produced on these sites were obtained and averaged over a
5-year period. The total pounds of forage being produced from each of
the 19 sites were then compared to 15 soil associations and various
range sites containing approximately 200 soil series. This information
was interpreted and converted from total production under ideal site
conditions to usable livestock forage production.
Because different methods were used to develop the two Ecological
Site Potentials, they are not directly comparable. Ecological site
potential is determined by obtaining a relative comparison of the cap-
ability of a site to produce livestock forage under ideal site condi-
tions.
Ecological site information is not complete for all allotments
because there was no survey made on Arizona lands. Information that is
available indicates that more than 1.7 times the amount of potential
forage as determined by BLM is capable of being produced under eco-
logical conditions (Appendix I). A total of 48,804 AUMs of livestock
forage is ecologically capable of being produced on the allotment pro-
posed for custodial and intensive management.
A few allotments show more AUMs being managed for livestock forage
potential than are possible for the site to produce (ecological site
potential) because of different criteria for determining range site used
by SCS and BLM. The difference lies mainly in the determination of
suitability criteria using erosion susceptibility as the main component
for this determination.
X-6
APPENDIX XI
Habitat Condition and Season of Use for Key Wildlife Species
Allotment
Wildlife
AUMs
Deer
Habitat
Key Wildlife Species
Quail
Habitat
Tortoise
Habitat
1,111
Good; important
winter range
Good
Good
Alger Hollow
Apex Slope
Beaver Dam Slope
Big Mountain
Boomer Hi 1 1
Boot Spring
Bull Mountain
Central
Coal Pits and Faultc
Cougar Canyon
NOTE:
Good condition. Key forage species for each particular animal are
present in sufficient quantity. All other habitat requirements are also
favorable.
Fair condition. Key forage species are present but in lesser
amounts; population may also be limited by shortage of water or cover.
Poor condition. If key forage species are present, they are scarce.
Water or cover may also be lacking. Habitat can support only a few
animals.
^Those most probably impacted by proposed action.
cSeason of use for quail and tortoise is yearlong.
Custodial management included in intensive management allotments.
(continued)
130
Fair; yearlong
Good
Nonexistent
1,626
Fair; winter,
yearlong
Good
Poor; declining
810
Good; important
summer and winter
range
Poor
Nonexistent
89
Fair; yearlong
Good
Nonexistent
90
Poor
Fair
Nonexistent
1,131
Good; important
winter range
Fair
Nonexistent
74
Good; important
winter range
Fair
Nonexistent
116
Good; critical
winter range
Poor
Nonexistent
766
Good; important
Poor
Nonexistent
winter range
XI-1
APPENDIX XI (continued)
th
Al lotment
Wildlife
AUMs
Deer
Habitat
Key Wildlife Species
Quail
Habitat
Tortoise
Habitat
Curly Hollow
Dagget Flat
491 Fair; yearlong Good
516 Good; critical Poor
summer and winter
range
Those most probably impacted by proposed action.
.Season of use for quail and tortoise is yearlong.
'Custodial management included in intensive management
Nonexistent
Nonexistent
Desert Inn
2,452
Good; important
winter range
Fair
Nonexistent
Dome
64
Poor
Fair
Nonexistent
Fort Pierce
562
Poor
Good
Nonexistent
Gooseberry
70
Good; yearlong
Poor
Nonexistent
Grafton
90
Good; yearlong
Fair
Nonexistent
Gunlock
80
Good; winter,
spring
Good
Nonexistent
Herd House
24
Poor
Fair
Nonexistent
Hurricane
30
Poor
Good
Nonexistent
Hurricane Fault
72
Fair; yearlong
Good
Nonexistent
Hurricane Mesa
280
Good; critical
winter range;
browse severely
overused and in
poor vigor
Poor
Nonexistent
Jackson Wash
682
Good; winter
Good
Nonexistent
Land Hill
27
Fair; yearlong
Good
Nonexistent
Little Creek
59
Fair; yearlong
Poor
Nonexistent
Mesa
100
Good; important
winter range
Poor
Nonexistent
allotments.
(continued)
XI -2
APPENDIX XI (continued)
Wildlife
Key W^
ildlife Sp<
scies b
Deer
Quail0
Tortoise"
Allotment
AUMs
Habitat
Habitat
Habitat
Minera Wash
427
Good; important
winter range
Fair
Nonexistent
Red Cliffs
200
Good; important
winter range
Good
Nonexistent
Sand Mountain
663
Poor
Good
Nonexistent
Sandstone Mountain
i 65
Poor
Good
Nonexistent
Santa Clara Creek
69
Fair; yearlong
Good
Nonexistent
Scarecrow Peak
900
Good; important
winter range
Good
Nonexistent
Short Creek
75
Fair; yearlong
Good
Nonexistent
Smith Mesa
137
Good; critical
winter range;
browse overused e
in poor vigor
Poor
ind
Nonexistent
Toquerville
233
Good; critical
winter range
Fair
Nonexistent
Trai 1
110
Fair; winter
Fair
Nonexistent
Twin Peaks
1,539
Good; important
winter range
Fair
Nonexistent
Veyo
234
Good; important
winter range
Fair
Nonexistent
... . c
Virgin
144
Good; critical
winter range
Good
Nonexistent
Warner Ridge
23
Poor
Poor
Nonexistent
bThose most probably impacted by proposed action.
cSeason of use for quail and tortoise is yearlong.
Custodial management included in intensive management
allotments,
(continued)
XT-3
APPENDIX XI (continued)
Wildlife
AUMs
Key Wildlife 3
pecies b
Allotment
Deer
Habitat
QuaiT
Habitat
Tortoise
Habitat
Washington
306
Fair; winter
Fair
Nonexistent
r
White Dome
43
Poor
Good
Nonexistent
SUB TOTAL
16
,710
CUSTODIAL
Airport
0
Poor
Fair
Nonexistent
Black Canyon
8
Good; critical
winter range
Poor
Nonexistent
Box Canyon
0
Poor
Fair
Nonexistent
Cinder Mountain
0
Poor
Poor
Nonexistent
Dal ton Wash
41
Good; critical
winter range
Poor
Nonexistent
Lamoreaux
0
Good; critical
winter range
Poor
Nonexistent
Little Plain
0
Poor
Poor
Nonexistent
North Grafton
0
Good; critical
winter range
Poor
Nonexistent
Red Butte
0
Good; critical
winter range
Poor
Nonexistent
Rock Springs
0
Good; critical
winter range
Poor
Nonexistent
Sand Hills
50
Poor
Good
Nonexistent
Sand Wash Reservoir
Sand Cove
0
Good; important
winter, spring
Fair
Nonexistent
?Those most probably impacted by proposed action.
Season of use for quail and tortoise is yearlong.
Custodial management included in intensive management
allotments.
(continued)
XI-4
APPENDIX XI (concluded)
Wildlife
Key
Wildlife Species" u
Deer
Quail" Tortoise"
Allotment
AUMs
Habitat
Habitat Habitat
CUSTODIAL (cone
luded)
Stout
0
Poor
Poor Nonexistent
Yellow Knolls
0
Poor
Fair Nonexistent
SUB TOTAL
99
ELIMINATION OF
GRAZING
LaVerkin Creek
269
Good; critical
winter range
Poor Nonexistent
Pace Knoll
3
Fair; winter,
spring
Poor Nonexistent
Pintura Seeding
0
Good; critical
Poor Nonexistent
SUB TOTAL
272
winter range;
seeding overusi
2d
TOTAL
17,
,081
and in poor vi<
3or
.Those most probably impacted by proposed action.
Season of use for quail and tortoise is yearlong.
Custodial management included in intensive management allotments,
XI-5
APPENDIX XII
Deer Pellet Group Transects
Transect
Name
Deer Days U
se/Acre
Number
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
Herd Unit
58
1
Cottam
84
62
40
14
19
24
36
36
54
...
2
East Mesa
44
31
101
22
20
20
38
56
36
9
3
Dry Creek
...
12
57
0
8
16
18
9
5
5
4
Emerald
75
19
58
38
31
39
26
13
8
7
5
Anderson Junction 28
9
46
15
20
11
18
26
19
11
6
Browse-Sylvester
27
11
79
44
23
52
31
24
50
64
Herd Unit
61-A
7
Cottonwood
16
8
2
13
14
6
1
0
0
0
8
Dastlock Ranch
39
35
66
51
55
39
28
14
18
6
9
Mill Creek
81
76
74
37
83
42
64
19
17
9
10
Anderson Res.
60
78
18
22
10
9
18
48
23
11
11
Yant Flat
9
9
6
7
25
9
3
1
7
0
Herd Unit
61-B
12
Wide Canyon
22
31
35
51
23
11
25
16
11
3
13
Truman Bench
7
6
47
41
34
55
19
40
31
15
14
Cove Mountain
16
23
44
18
54
56
27
24
20
13
15
Iron Peg
14
20
33
20
36
24
16
12
7
12
16
Paradise Res.
14
6
31
41
20
43
• • •
30
17
13
17
Mound Val ley
...
• • *
...
• • •
16
14
14
9
13
6
18
West Valley
29
42
8
Herd Unit
61-C
19
Poachers Pass
0
0
12
22
13
14
14
10
20
4
20
Jackson
a • *
...
• • •
13
8
7
11
7
5
4
21
Minera Wash
9
11
15
16
18
15
16
29
13
7
22
Middle Ridge
9
7
12
0
10
5
15
26
6
1
23
Tobin Bench
12
1
25
10
14
24
15
21
19
14
24
Racer Canyon
2
2
8
1
7
18
15
17
19
7
25
Moody Wash
5
2
10
5
35
27
20
17
12
26
Colie Flat
8
7
15
8
34
29
4
18
22
15
27
Lost Spring
10
4
27
7
30
22
30
32
26
15
28
Butcher Knife
17
14
28
6
17
41
16
27
27
Source: Utah Division of Wildlife Resources 1967-1976
Note: Trace transects were conducted annually by DWR personnel to
determine deer census.
ffl-1
APPENDIX XIII
Browse Transects 1976
Key3
Species
Esti
Util
mated
1 ization
Age
Class
Forn
i Cl
Seedlings
and
Young
Decadent
ass
No.
Satisfactory
Uns
atisfactory
A
Putr
82%
8%
16%
12%
88%
B
Artr
68
0
4
32
68
Cl
Putr
79
4
60
12
88
C2
Artr
90
12
36
36
64
C3
Cesp
68
12
16
44
56
D
Come
43
0
32
56
44
E
Come
52
0
70
58
42
F
Artr
82
0
16
32
68
G
Putr
90
0
24
20
80
H
Come
80
0
60
32
68
I
Come
53
0
36
52
48
J
Come
72
0
36
44
56
Source: BLM files, Cedar City District Office
Note: These transects were conducted by BLM personnel in 1976 to deter-
mine deer use in specific areas.
Putr: Purshia tridentata (antelope bitterbrush)
Artr: Artemesia tridentata (big sagebrush)
Cesp: Ceanothus spp. (deerbrush)
Come: Cowan i a mexicana (cliffrose)
Amut: Amelanchier utahensis (serviceberry)
XIII-1
APPENDIX XIV
Sources of Groundwater Recharge
Cordova, et al., using the 12-inch isohyetal for determining ground
water recharge, derived a value of 70,000 acre-feet per year for the
Pine Valley Mountains, most of this flowing southward into the ES area.
No figures are available for Beaver Dam Wash or for the areas east of
Hurricane Fault. Using a similar technique with the 12-inch isohyteal
on the Pine Valley and Bull Valley Mountains of Utah and Nevada, a rough
estimate of 30,000 acre-feet per year recharge is obtained. Since 8,000
acre-feet per year passes through Hurricane Fault, ground water recharge
entering that area from north and east is probably at least double that
value. A rough estimate of 16,000 acre-feet recharge for areas east of
Hurricane Fault are used. This produces a recharge from precipitation
of 116,000 acre-feet per year.
Two other types of recharge are available. Surface infiltration
and ground water flowing in from outside the ES area. Using figures
given by Cordova, et al., and expanding to the total ES area, a value of
19,000 acre-feet per year results from surface infiltration, and 27,000
acre-feet from subsurface inflow from adjoining areas, primarily from
Arizona via Fort Pierce Wash.
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XVI-1
APPENDIX XVII
Total Personal Income by Major
(Thousands
Source, Washington County, Utah
of Dollars)
1970
1971
1972
1973
Percent
Change
1970-1973
Labor and Proprietors' Income
$22,083
$24,117
$28,341
$33,487
51.6
By Type
Wage and Salary
Disbursements
Other Labor Income
Proprietor's Income
Farm
Nonfarm
17,013
693
4,377
1,877
2,500
18,423
826
4,868
1,771
3,097
21,546
1,047
5,748
2,047
3,701
24,127
1,164
8,196
4,263
3,933
41.8
68.0
87.3
127.1
57.3
By Industry
Farm
Nonfarm
2,213
19,870
2,095
22,022
2,346
25,995
4,592
28,895
107.5
45.4
Manufacturing
1,122
1,568
2,267
2,353
109.7
Mining
b
b
b
b
b
Contract Construction
3,087
2,830
3,642
4,434
43.6
Wholesale and Retail
Trade
5,664
6,479
7,659
8,125
43.4
Finance, Insurance, and
Real Estate
548
775
1,045
1,093
99.5
Transportation, Commun-
ications, and Public
Utilities
790
864
957
1,211
53.3
Services
2,506
2,742
3,093
3,427
36.8
Government
Federal, Civilian
Federal , Military
State and Local
5,798
1,200
568
4,030
6,305
1,271
579
4,455
6,892
1,242
680
4,970
7,705
1,505
728
5,472
32.9
25.4
28.2
35.8
Other Industries
b
b
b
b
b
Less: Personal Contributions for
Social Insurance
946
1,126
1,346
1,674
77.0
Residence Adjustment
1,815
2,151
1,994
2,101
15.8
Property Income0
6,839
7,657
8,780
9,743
42.5
Transfer Payments0
5,003
5,957
6,869
8,282
65.5
Total Personal Income0
$34,794
$38,756
$44,638
$51,939
49.3
bBy place of work.
Mot shown to avoid disclosure of confidential information or for items $50,000 or
cless. Data are included in totals.
By place of residence.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional
Economics Information System File (April 1975).
XVII-1
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56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
— "V
20 «■
APPENDIX XVI I
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JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Monthly Calf Prises- Utah
1950, 1973-1975
XVIII-l
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XVITI-2
APPENDIX XIX
1976 Allotment Economic Value (by
Scale of Operation)
1976
Capital
Base Property
Licensed
Annual
Proposed
Qua
lifications
Use
Income
Value
Allotment
(AUMs)
(AUMs)
(AUM)
(AUM)
Alger Hollow
Small
453
161
$ 214.13
$ 3,922.98
Medium
541
386
814.46
5,193.60
Large
316
87
240.99
2,673.36
TOTAL
1,310
634
1,269.58
12,242.94
Apex Slope
Small
NA
NA
NA
NA
Medium (sheep)
366
100
42.20c
702.72'
Large
NA
NA
NA
NA
TOTAL
366
100
42.20
702.72
Beaver Dam Slope
Small
223
222
295.26
1,931.18
Medium
1,716
1,607
3,390.77
16,473.6
Large
1,372
375
1,038.75
11,607.12
TOTAL
3,311
2,204
4,724.78
30,011.90
Big Mountain
Small
168
80
106.40
1,454.88
Medium
322
237
500.07
3,091.20
Large
NA
NA
NA
NA
TOTAL
490
317
606.47
4,546.08
Boomer Hill
Small
NA
NA
NA
NA
Medium
56
56
118. 16
537.60
Large
100
50
138.50
846.00
TOTAL
156
106
256.66
1,383.60
Boot Spring
Small
100
99
131.67
866.00
Medium
NA
NA
NA
NA
Large
NA
NA
NA
NA
TOTAL
100
99
131.67
866.00
Based on 1976 licensed use AUMs by scale of operation: small =
b1.33, medium = 2.11, and large = 2.77.
Based on Base Property Qualifications AUMs by scale of operation:
csmall = 8.66, medium = 9.60, large 8.46.
Sheep values have been converted to equivalent cattle rates
because of insufficient data.
NA = Not applicable (continued)
XIX-1
APPENDIX XIX (continued)
Proposed
Allotment
Base Property
Qualifications
(AUMs)
1976
Licensed
Use
(AUMs)
Annual*
Income
(AUM)
Capital
Value
(AUM)
Bull Mountain
Small
373
Medium
NA
Large
TOTAL
NA
373
Central
Small
306
Medium
60
Large
TOTAL
NA
366
Coalpits & Fault
Small
NA
Medium
220
Large
TOTAL
NA
220
Cougar Canyon
Small
120
Medium
NA
Large
TOTAL
NA
120
Curly Hollow
Small
186
Medium
1,176
Large
TOTAL
NA
1,362
Dagget Flat
Small
NA
Medium
183
Large
TOTAL
126
309
107
142.31
3,230.18
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
107
42.31
3,230.18
306
406.98
2,649.96
60
126.60
576.00
NA
NA
NA
366
533.58
3,531.96
NA
NA
NA
214
451.54
2,112.00
NA
NA
NA
214
451.54
2,112.00
45
59.85
1,039.20
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
45
59.85
1,039.20
185
246.05
1,610.76
1,042
2,198.62
11,289.60
NA
NA
NA
1,227
2,444.67
12,900.36
NA
NA
NA
183
386.13
1,756.80
126
349.02
1,065.96
309
735.15
2,822.76
by sci
ale of operal
t.ion: small =
Based on 1976 licensed use AUMs
.1.33, medium = 2.11, and large = 2.77.
Based on Base Property Qualifications AUMs by scale of operation:
small = 8.66, medium = 9.60, large 8.46.
cSheep values have been converted to equivalent cattle rates
because of insufficient data.
NA = Not applicable (continued)
XIX-2
APPENDIX XIX (continued)
1976
Capitalb
Base Property
Licensed
Annual
Proposed Qua
lifi cations
Use
Income
Value
Allotment
(AUMs)
(AUMs)
(AUM)
(AUM)
Desert Inn
Small
NA
NA
NA
NA
Medium
NA
NA
NA
NA
Large
1,584
0
0
13,400.64
TOTAL
1,584
0
0
13,400.64
Dome
Small
30
30
39.90
259.80
Medium
221
206
434.66
2,121.60
Large
94
94
260.38
795.24
TOTAL
345
330
734.94
3,176.64
Fort Pierce
Small
526
335
445.55
4,555.16
Medium
511
511
1,078.21
4,905.60
Large
1,002
268
742.36
8,476.92
TOTAL
2,039
1,114
2,266.12
17,937.68
Gooseberry
Small
256
256
340.48
2,216.96
Medium
NA
NA
NA
NA
Large
NA
NA
NA
NA
TOTAL
256
256
340.48
2,216.96
Grafton
Small (sheep)
168
168
d
d
Medium
280
280
590.80
2,688.00
Large
NA
NA
NA
NA
TOTAL
448
448
590.80
2,688.00
Gunlock
Small
NA
NA
NA
NA
Medium
338
335
713.18
3,244.80
Large
152
152
421.04
1,285.92
TOTAL
490
487
1,134.22
4,530.72
Based on 1976 licensed use AUMs by scale of operation: small =
b1.33, medium = 2.11, and large = 2.77.
Based on Base Property Qualifications AUMs by scale of operation:
csmall = 8.66, medium = 9.60, large 8.46.
Sheep values have been converted to equivalent cattle rates
because of insufficient data.
NA = Not applicable (continued)
XIX-3
APPENDIX XIX (continued)
Proposed
Allotment
Base Property
Qualifications
(AUMs)
1976
Licensed
Use
(AUMs)
Annual*
Income
(AUM)
Capital
Value
(AUM)
Herd House
Small
140
Medium
NA
Large
NA
TOTAL
140
Hurricane
Small
NA
Medium
NA
Large
122
TOTAL
122
Hurricane Fault
Small
1,012
Medium
743
Large
NA
TOTAL
1,755
Hurricane Mesa
Small
NA
Medium
225
Large
NA
TOTAL
225
Jackson Wash
Small
NA
Medium
1,682
Large
NA
TOTAL
1,682
Land Hill
Small
60
Medium
NA
Large
NA
TOTAL
60
72
95.76
1,212.40
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
72
95.76
1,212.40
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
122
337.94
1,032.12
122
337.94
1,032.12
856
1,138.48
8,763.92
321
677.31
7,132.80
NA
NA
NA
1,177
1,815.79
15,896.72
NA
NA
NA
222
468.42
2,160.00
NA
NA
NA
222
468.42
2,160.00
NA
NA
NA
1,673
3,530.03
16,147.20
NA
NA
NA
1,673
3,530.03
16,147.20
45
59.85
519.60
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
45
59.85
519.60
by scale
of operai
tion: small =
Based on 1976 licensed use AUMs
.1.33, medium = 2.11, and large = 2.77.
Based on Base Property Qualifications AUMs by scale of operation:
small = 8.66, medium = 9.60, large 8.46.
cSheep values have been converted to equivalent cattle rates
because of insufficient data.
NA = Not applicable (continued)
XIX-4
APPENDIX XIX (continued)
1976
Capital
Base Property
Licensed
Annual
Proposed
Qualifications
Use
Income
Value
Allotment
(AUMs)
(AUMs)
(AUM)
(AUM)
Little Creek
Small
NA
NA
NA
NA
Medium
641
448
945.28
6,153.60
Large
NA
NA
NA
NA
TOTAL
641
448
945.28
6,153.60
Mesa
Small
90
20
26.60
779.40
Medium
NA
NA
NA
NA
Large
NA
NA
NA
NA
TOTAL
90
20
26.60
779.40
Minera Wash
Small
48
48
63.84
415.68
Medium
96
36
75.96
921.60
Large
111
111
307.47
939.06
TOTAL
255
195
447.27
2,276.34
Pintura Seeding
Small
63
28
37.24
545.58
Medium
NA
NA
NA
NA
Large
NA
NA
NA
NA
TOTAL
63
28
37.24
545.58
Red Cliffs
Small
342
168
223.44
2,961.72
Medium
NA
NA
NA
NA
Large
440
138
382.26
3,722.40
TOTAL
782
306
605.70
6,684.12
Sand Mountain
Small
NA
NA
NA
NA
Medium
744
598
1,261.78
7,142.40
Large
1,556
1,437
3,980.49
13,163.76
TOTAL
2,300
2,035
5,252.27
20,306.16
Based on 1976 licensed use AUMs by scale of operation: small =
b1.33, medium = 2.11, and large = 2.77.
Based on Base Property Qualifications AUMs by scale of operation:
csmall = 8.66, medium = 9.60, large 8.46.
Sheep values have been converted to equivalent cattle rates
because of insufficient data.
NA = Not applicable (continued)
XIX-5
APPENDIX XIX (continued)
Proposed
Allotment
Base Property
Qualifications
(AUMs)
1976
Licensed
Use
(AUMs)
Annual*
Income
(AUM)
Capital
Value
(AUM)
Sandstone Mountain
Small
NA
Medium
NA
Large
TOTAL
114
114
Santa Clara Creek
Small
117
Medium
NA
Large
TOTAL
NA
117
Scarecrow Peak
Small
247
Medium
316
Large
TOTAL
1,683
2,246
Short Creek
Small
288
Medium
228
Large
TOTAL
NA
516
Smith Mesa
Small
144
Medium
NA
Large
TOTAL
NA
144
Toquerville
Small
318
Medium
74
Large
TOTAL
NA
392
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
114
315.78
964.44
114
315.78
964.44
117
155.61
1,013.22
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
117
155.61
1,013.22
164
218.12
2,139.02
320
675.20
3,033.60
1,227
3,398.79
14,238.18
1,711
4,292.29
19,410.80
291
387.03
2,494.08
111
234.21
2,188.80
NA
NA
NA
402
621.24
4,682.88
144
191.52
1,247.04
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
144
191.52
1,247.04
273
363.09
2,753.88
74
156.14
710.40
NA
NA
NA
347
519.23
3,464.28
by scale
of operal
:ion: small =
Based on 1976 licensed use AUMs
.1.33, medium = 2.11, and large = 2.77.
Based on Base Property Qualifications AUMs by scale of operation:
small = 8.66, medium = 9.60, large 8.46.
Sheep values have been converted to equivalent cattle rates
because of insufficient data.
NA = Not applicable (continued)
XIX-6
APPENDIX XIX (continued)
Proposed
Allotment
Base Property
Qualifications
(AUMs)
1976
Licensed
Use
(AUMs)
Annual
Income
(AUM)
Capital
Value
(AUM)
Trail
Small
110
Medium (sheep)
130
Large
NA
TOTAL
240
Twin Peaks
Smal 1
NA
Medium
1,428
Large
NA
TOTAL
1,428
Veyo
Small
NA
Medi urn
232
Large
110
TOTAL
342
Virgin
Small
68
Medium
183
Large
NA
TOTAL
251
Warner Ridge
Small
64
Medium
NA
Large
NA
TOTAL
64
Washington
Small
248
Medium
NA
Large
NA
TOTAL
248
146.30
952.60
110
63
NA
173
NA
390
NA
390
NA
73
114
187
68
184
NA
252
65
NA
NA
65
248
NA
NA
248
Based on 1976 licensed use AUMs by scale
b1.33, medium = 2.11, and large = 2.77.
Based on Base Property Qualifications AUMs by scale of operation:
csmall = 8.66, medium = 9.60, large 8.46.
Sheep values have been converted to equivalent cattle rates
because of insufficient data.
NA = Not applicable (continued)
26.59
249.60
NA
NA
172.89
1,202.20
NA
NA
822.90
13,708.80
NA
NA
822.90
13,708.80
NA
NA
154.03
2,227.20
315.78
930.60
469.81
3,157.80
90.44
588.88
388.24
1,756.80
NA
NA
478.68
2,345.68
86.45
554.24
NA
NA
NA
NA
86.45
554.24
329.84
2,147.68
NA
NA
NA
NA
329.84
2,147.68
r operal
;ion: small =
XIX-7.
APPENDIX XIX (continued)
Proposed
Allotment
Base Property
Qualifications
(AUMs)
1976
Licensed
Use
(AUMs)
Annual*
Income
(AUM)
Capital
Value
(AUM)
White Dome
Small
Medium
Large
TOTAL
35
NA
NA
35
35
NA
NA
35
46.55
NA
NA
46.55
303.10
NA
NA
303.10
CUSTODIAL
Airport
Small
Medium
Large
TOTAL
9
NA
NA
9
9
NA
NA
9
11.97
NA
NA
11.97
77.94
NA
NA
77.94
Black Canyon
Small
Medium
Large
TOTAL
15
NA
NA
15
15
NA
NA
15
19.95
NA
NA
19.95
129.90
NA
NA
129.90
Box Canyon
Small
Medium
Large
TOTAL
NA
48
NA
48
NA
48
NA
48
NA
101.28
NA
101.28
NA
460.80
NA
480.80
Cinder Mountain
Small
Medium
Large
TOTAL
Dal ton Wash
Small
Medium
Large
TOTAL
NA
NA
154
154
33
NA
NA
33
NA
NA
154
154
33
NA
NA
33
NA
NA
426.58
426.58
43.89
NA
NA
43.89
NA
NA
1,302.84
1,302.84
285.78
NA
NA
285.78
small =
Based on 1976 licensed use AUMs by scale of operation:
.1.33, medium = 2.11, and large = 2.77.
Based on Base Property Qualifications AUMs by scale of operation:
small = 8.66, medium = 9.60, large 8.46.
Sheep values have been converted to equivalent cattle rates
because of insufficient data.
NA = Not applicable (continued)
XIX-8
APPENDIX XIX (continued)
Proposed
Allotment
Base Property
Qualifications
(AUMs)
1976
Licensed
Use
(AUMs)
Annual
Income
(AUM)
Capital
Value
(AUM)
Lamoreaux
Small
NA
Medium
NA
Large
55
TOTAL
55
Little Plain
Small
60
Medium
NA
Large
NA
TOTAL
60
North Grafton
Small
31
Medium
NA
Large
NA
TOTAL
31
Red Butte
Small
126
Medium
NA
Large
NA
TOTAL
126
Rock Spring
Small
NA
Medium
NA
Large
85
TOTAL
85
Sand Hills
Smal 1
NA
Medium
110
Large
NA
TOTAL
110
aBased on 1976
licensed
NA
NA
8
8
60
NA
NA
60
NA
NA
40
NA
NA
40
NA
NA
85
85
NA
110
NA
110
NA
NA
22.
16
22.
16
79.
80
NA
NA
79.
80
NA
NA
53.20
NA
NA
53.20
NA
NA
235.45
235.45
NA
232.10
NA
232.10
NA
NA
45.30
45.30
519.60
NA
NA
519.60
268.46
NA
NA
268.46
1,091.16
NA
NA
1,091.16
NA
NA
719.10
719.10
NA
1,056.00
NA
1,056.00
use AUMs by scale of operation: small =
fa1.33, medium = 2.11, and large = 2.77.
Based on Base Property Qualifications AUMs by scale of operation:
csmall = 8.66, medium = 9.60, large 8.46.
Sheep values have been converted to equivalent cattle rates
because of insufficient data.
NA = Not applicable (continued)
XIX-9
APPENDIX XIX (concluded)
1976
Capital
Base
Property
Licensed
Annual
Proposed
Qualil
Fi cations
Use
Income
Value
Allotment
(AUMs)
(AUMs)
(AUM)
(AUM)
Sand Wash Reservoir
Small
NA
NA
NA
NA
Medi urn
41
41
86.51
393.60
Large
NA
NA
NA
NA
TOTAL
41
41
86.51
393.60
Stout
Small
19
14
18.62
164.54
Medium
NA
NA
NA
NA
Large
NA
NA
NA
NA
TOTAL
19
14
18.62
164.54
Yellow Knolls
Small
123
59
78.47
1,056.52
Medium
NA
NA
NA
NA
Large
NA
NA
NA
NA
TOTAL
123
59
78.47
1,056.52
LaVerkin
Small
NA
NA
NA
NA
Medium
NA
NA
NA
NA
Large
99
99
274.23
837.54
TOTAL
99
99
274.23
837.54
TOTALS
Small
6
,719
4,976
6
,394.64
56,723.00
Medium
12
,911
9,929
20
,675.05
120,136.32
Large
9
,275
4,761
12
,761.39
78,466.50
TOTAL
28
,905
19,666
39
,831.08
255,325.82
aBased on 1976 licensed use AUMs by scale of operation: small =
.1.33, medium = 2.11, and large = 2.77.
Based on Base Property Qualifications AUMs by scale of operation:
small = 8.66, medium = 9.60, large 8.46.
Sheep values have been converted to equivalent cattle rates
because of insufficient data.
NA = Not applicable
XIX-10
APPENDIX XX
Impact Summary
Erosion
Infiltration
Allotment
Pastures
Short-
Term
Long-
Term
Short-
Term
Long-
Term
INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT
Alger Hollow
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Apex Slope
Winter
Minus
Minus
Minus
Minus
Spring
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Beaver Dam Slope
All
Minus
Plus
Minus
Plus
Big Mountain
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Boomer Hill
All
Minus
Plus
Minus
Plus
Boot Spring
All
Plus
Plus
None
None
Bull Mountain
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Central
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Coalpits
All except
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Fault & private
Cougar Canyon
All
None
Plus
None
Plus
Curly Hollow
All
Minus
Plus
Minus
Plus
Dagget Flat
All
Minus
Minus
None
None
Desert Inn
Deferred
Plus
Plus
None
None
All other
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Dome
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Fort Pierce
All
Minus
None
Minus
None
Gooseberry
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Grafton
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Gunlock
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Herd House
All except
custodial
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Hurricane
All except
custodial
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Hurricane Fault
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Hurricane Mesa
All except
custodial
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Jackson Wash
Jackson Wash
& Pahcoon
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Seeding
Minus
Minus
Minus
Minus
Land Hill
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Little Creek
All
Minus
Plus
Minus
Plus
Mesa
All except
custodial
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Minera Wash
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Red Cliffs
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
(continued)
XX-l
APPENDIX XX (continued)
Erosion
Infiltr
Short-
ation
Short-
Long-
Long-
Allotment
Pastures
Term
Term
Term
Term
Sand Mountain
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Sandstone Mountain
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Santa Clara Creek
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Scarecrow Peak
All except
custodial
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Short Creek
All
Minus
Plus
Minus
Plus
Smith Mesa
All
None
None
None
None
Toquerville
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Trail
All
Minus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Twin Peaks
All
Minus
Plus
Minus
Plus
Veyo
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Virgin
All except
custodial
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Washington
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
White Dome
All except
custodial
Minus
Plus
Minus
Plus
CUSTODIAL
Airport
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Black Canyon
All
Minus
Minus
None
None
Box Canyon
All
Minus
Minus
None
None
Cinder Mountain
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Dal ton Wash
All
Minus
Minus
None
None
Fault
Custodial
None
None
None
None
Herd House
Custodial
Minus
Minus
Minus
Minus
Hurricane
Custodial
Minus
Minus
Minus
Minus
Hurricane Mesa
Custodial
Minus
Minus
Minus
Minus
Lamoreaux
All
None
None
None
None
Little Plain
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Mesa
Custodial
None
None
None
None
North Grafton
All
Minus
Minus
Minus
Minus
Red Butte
All
None
None
None
None
Rock Spring
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Sand Hills
All
None
None
None
None
Sand Wash Reservoir
All
None
None
None
None
Scarecrow Peak
Custodial
Minus
Minus
Minus
Minus
Stout
All
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
Virgin
Custodial
Plus
Plus
Plus
Plus
White Dome
Custodial
Minus
Minus
Minus
Minus
Yellow Knolls
All
None
None
None
(co
None
ntinued)
XX-2
APPENDIX XX (concluded)
Pastures
Erosion
Infiltration
Allotment
Short- Long-
Term Term
Short- Long-
Term Term
ELIMINATION OF
LaVerkin Creek
Pace Knoll
Pintura
GRAZING
All
All
All
Plus Plus
Plus Plus
Plus Plus
Plus Plus
Plus Plus
Plus Plus
XX-3
APPENDIX XXI
Impacts to Vegetation from Grazing
General Impacts. Vegetation can be impacted directly or indirectly by
grazing. Direct impacts result from removal of part or all of a plant
from its support and/or plant destruction from trampling.
Indirect impacts result from action that change the availability of
the life supporting substances, water, soil, air and sunlight or actions
which change the plants' ability to compete for these substances. For
example, grazing could remove the vegetation production that ordinarily
falls to the soil surface and becomes litter. The absence of litter
reduces soil protection, increases surface temperature, decreases water
infiltration, reduces organic matter and soil fertility. These factors
tend to reduce the ability of the plant to complete its normal life
cycle. All plants in a given vegetation community compete with each
other for these life supporting substances. Usually, a given area of
soil will support a fairly constant volume of herbage based upon the
limiting supporting substance. Any agent that impairs one plant but not
another or changes the ability of these plants to compete for the sup-
porting substances may result in a change in the plant composition.
Total herbage may remain the same.
A good example of this is selective grazing by animals. They
select the most palatable plants first, thus reducing the plants'
ability to compete with the less palatable plants. The intensity of
domestic livestock grazing has a great effect on how selective the
animals are. A greater concentration of animals in a smaller area for a
shorter time tends to limit natural selection.
Other impacts on vegetation vary depending upon the number and kind
of animals grazed, the length of time and season they are allowed to
graze, and how they are distributed on the range. In general, plants
are most severely impacted when grazed during the spring growing period.
This is when plants draw heavily from carbohydrate root reserves to
initiate growth and produce new vegetative shoots. After initial growth
has produced considerable leaf area, carbohydrates are synthesized in
xxi-i
REFERENCE MATERIAL
excess of growth requirements. The plant then begins to store the
excess. Carbohydrate reserves are the lowest for most plants when they
are growing most rapidly. Grazing or removal of green, leafy material
at this time is most harmful because the plants must again draw on root
reserves to produce photosynthetic material. Additional grazing or
removal of plant material during the growing season results in addi-
tional withdrawal of root reserves. This reduces the capacity of the
plant to produce both shoot and root growth the following year. If this
continues, plants are seriously weakened and eventually die.
Grazing when plants are in the process of flowering and developing
seed limits seed production and new seedlings the following year. Young
seedlings are pulled up when grazed in the early spring before they have
had the opportunity to develop adventitious roots which help anchor the
plant to the soil .
Range managers over the past century have tried many different
grazing systems in an attempt to realize the greatest animal gains while
maintaining or improving range forage. Arthur W. Sampson (1913) indi-
cates that season-long grazing seriously interferes with plant growth
and resulted in weakened plants, little or no seed, and a gradual de-
cline in grazing capacity. He further indicates that deferred grazing
until after seed ripe has a great advantage in producing new seedlings,
much superior to season- long grazing and no grazing at all.
L.H. Douglas (1915) reported that grazing after seed ripe produced
100 percent more vegetation than adjacent range grazed moderately during
the growing season and 20 percent more than range not grazed at all.
E.J. Dyksterhuis (1949) indicated that there are certain advantages
for grazing twice as many animals on half the pasture in order to pro-
vide rest. Gerald W. Thomas and Vernon A. Young (1954) reported that a
seasonal rotation grazing system under heavy grazing resulted in serious
reductions in vegetational density. They concluded that it is very
important to design a grazing system that provides rest for one pasture
during the critical spring growing period each year. Other experiments
(Claude C. Dellon, 1958) indicated benefits of a rotation deferred
grazing system are:
XXI -2
1. Better distribution of livestock
2. Better utilization of forage
3. Great increases in grazing capacity
4. Greater livestock gain
A report by E.J. Woolfolk (1960) indicates that rest rotation
grazing systems minimizes the effect of drought on pastures. Experi-
ments with rest rotation grazing (A.L. Hormay 1970) indicates that
ranges will respond favorably to a system that provides rest during the
growing season, heavy use after seed ripe, and rest after the seedling
appear. According to the results of studies in western Utah (Cook,
1971), continuous defoliation in excess of 75 percent of the current
growth was too severe for the species studied (sagebrush, saltbush,
squirreltail , and Indian ricegrass) regardless of the season when defoli-
ated. These reports indicate the need to design a grazing system that
considers the needs of the plant to complete its growing cycle in such a
manner as to result in viable seed being produced and planted.
XXI -3
APPENDIX XXII
Method of Determining AUMs of Possible Livestock Forage Production
In order to develop a scale of difference for impact analysis of
the proposed action on vegetation, comparative rates of Animal Unit
Month (AUM) change by proposed allotments over a 24-year time frame was
used.
It was assumed:
1. On those allotments where implementation of the proposed
action would result in a good chance of the vegetation increasing to the
potential livestock forage production within the time frame, the
increase was shown to be the potential.
2. Where implementation would result in a fair chance of reaching
the potential, 75 percent of the increased production was considered
attainable.
3. If implementation would result in a poor chance of reaching
the potential, 50 percent of the potential was considered attainable.
4. If implementation resulted in a reduction of production, 15
percent of the present rated carrying capacity was subtracted to show
the anticipated reduction.
The results of the percentage difference shown is a comparison
between the possible production level and the potential production in 24
years.
This method facilitates comparison by differentiating the magnitude
of an impact. As an example, a negative impact results in not attaining
the potential level of forage production in 24 years. In the context of
its use, the method of determining AUMs is valid since it was uniformly
applied to each allotment and evaluated similar factors.
XXII-1
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XXIII-4
APPENDIX XXIV
Archaeological Sites in Areas of Proposed Developments
Allotment
Site Type and Condition Proposed CRES
Number of Site Development Rating
Alger Hollow
Fort Pierce
Gunlock
Little Creek
Mountain
HD42Wsl6
42Ws440
42Ws520
42s360
HD42Ws78
HD42Ws79
HD42Ws80
HD42Ws81
HD42Ws82
HD42Ws83
HD42Ws84
HD42Ws85
HD42Ws86
Flaking station; Fence
good
Flaking station; Fence
undisturbed
Petroglyphs;
undisturbed
Virgin-Kayenta
Anasazi habitation
site; badly
vandalized
Virgin-Kayenta
Anasazi habitation
site; vandalized
Virgin-Kayenta
Anasazi flaking
station; undisturbed
Virgin-Kayenta
Anasazi habitation
site; undisturbed
Virgin-Kayenta
Anasazi habitation
site; vandalized
Virgin-Kayenta
Anasazi habitation
site; vandalized
Virgin-Kayenta
Anasazi campsite;
undisturbed
Virgin-Kayenta
Anasazi habitation
site; undisturbed
Virgin-Kayenta
Anasazi campsite;
slightly disturbed
Fence
Fence
Chaining
Chaining
Chaining
Chaining
Chaining
Chaining
Virgin-Kayenta
Anasazi habitation
site
Chaining
S2
S3
S3
S3
S3
S2
S2
Chaining S3
S3
S2
S2
Chaining S3
S2
(continued)
XXIV-1
APPENDIX XXIV (concluded)
Site Type and Condition Proposed CRES
Allotment Number of Site Development Rating
HD42Ws87 Virgin-Kayenta Chaining S2
Anasazi campsite;
slightly eroded
HD42Ws88 Flaking station Chaining S3
XXIV- 2
GLOSSARY
Acre-Foot. A volume that will cover an area of one acre to a depth of 1
foot (43,560 cubic feet).
Aesthetics. Dealing with the nature of the beautiful and with judgments
concerning beauty.
Allotment. An area of land where one or more operators graze their
livestock. Generally consists of public land but may include
parcels of private or state lands. The number of livestock and
season of use are stipulated for each allotment. An allotment may
consist of several pastures or be only one pasture.
Allotment Management Plan (AMP),
stock grazing management,
quired, designed to attain
allotment.
A concisely written program of live-
including supportive measures, if re-
specific management goals in a grazing
Alluvial . Relating to or formed by materials washed from precipitous
mountain slopes and then deposited.
Annual Plant. A plant that completes its life cycle and dies in 1 year
or less.
Aquifer. A water-bearing bed or stratum of permeable rock, sand or
gravel capable of yielding considerable quantities of water.
Aspect. The orientation of a slope in respect to the compass; a posi-
tion facing or fronting a particular direction. The general appear-
ance of a vegetative type.
Animal Unit Month (AUM). The amount of forage required to sustain the
equivalent of 1 cow or 5 sheep for 1 month.
AUM Capital Value. Economic value reflected in the open market for an
AUM of forage.
Base Property. Those lands in a ranching enterprise which are owned or
under long-term control of the operator and have the capability to
sustain the number of livestock for a specified time period for
which a grazing privilege is sought (base property requirement).
Base Property Qualifications. Those qualifications or privileges which
are directly attached to or supported by base property. The maxi-
mum amount of grazing privileges on Federal range property allow-
able to base properties.
G-l
REFERENCE MATERIAL
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). A measure of the amount of dissolved
oxygen that will be required from water during the bacterial assimi-
lation of organic pollutants. Generally, a 5-day arithmetic average
and reported as mg/1 .
Biome. A major biotic community; natural groups of organisms charac-
terized by the occurrence of certain plants and animals that are
dominant or influential.
Browse. As a noun, the tender shoots, twigs, and leaves of trees and
shrubs often used as food by cattle, deer, elk, and other animals.
As a verb, to consume, feed, or eat.
Carnivore. A biological system which acquires life-sustaining nutrients
by utilizing animals as food.
Carrying Capacity. The maximum stocking rate possible without inducing
damage to vegetation or related resources such as watershed. This
incorporates such things as the suitability of the range to grazing
as well as the proper use which can be made on each and all the
plants within the area. Normally expressed in terms of acres per
animal unit month (AC/AUM) or sometimes referred to as the total
AUMs that are available in any given area such as an allotment.
Areas that are unsuitable for livestock use are not computed in the
carrying capacity. This may or may not be the same as the stocking
rate.
Catchment. A structure built to collect and retain water.
Climax Community. The final vegetative community which emerges after a
series of successive vegetational stages and perpetuates itself
indefinitely unless disturbed by outside forces.
Col iform. A general term for the group of bacteria which comprise all
of the aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, gramnegative (type of
strain related to cell wall composition) nonspore-forming, rod-
shaped bacteria which ferment lactose (mi 11 sugar) with gas forma-
tion within 48 hours at 35 degrees C.
Community. An aggregate of organisms which form a distinct ecological
unit. Such a unit may be defined in terms of plants, animals, or
both.
Cool-Season Plant. A plant which generally makes the major portion of
its growth during the late winter and spring.
Critical Wildlife Habitat. That portion of the living area of a wild-
life species that is essential to the survival and perpetuation of
the species either as individuals or as a population.
G-2
GLOSSARY
Cultural Resources. Those resources of historical, archaeological, or
architectural significance which are fragile, limited, and nonrenew-
able portions of the human environment.
Current Year's Growth. The amount of vegetative growth that occurs in
the period of one year.
Custodial Management. Minor degree of management effort applied to
regulating livestock use on a range area. Generally, custodial
management involves those situations where the public land is a
small part of the total grazing area and/or other resources are
limited. Usually only livestock numbers, class of animal, and
grazing season are specified by BLM.
Deferred Rotation Grazing. Discontinuance of grazing on various parts
of a range in succeding years, allowing each part to rest succes-
sively during the growing season to permit seed production, estab-
lishment of seedlings, or restoration of plant vigor. Two, but
usually 3 or more separate units are required. Control is usually
insured by unit fencing, but may be obtained by camp unit herding.
Desirable Plants. Those plants which are palatable and productive
forage species, often are dominant under climax or near climax
conditions. They are normally long-lived plants which can include
grasses, forbs, and browse. These plants are to be maintained or
increased by intensive livestock management.
Disjunct. Marked by separation of or from usually contiguous parts or
individuals.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Perhaps the most commonly employed measurement
of water quality. Low DO levels adversely affect fish and other
aquatic life. The total absence of DO will lead to the development
of an anaerobic condition with the eventual development of odor and
aesthetic problems. Ideal DO for fish life is between 7 and 9
mg/£. Critical levels of DO for nearly all fish are between 3 and
6 mg/£. Most fish cannot survive when DO falls below 3 mg/£.
Ecosystem. Complex self-sustaining natural system which includes living
and nonliving components of the environment and the interactions
that bind them together. Its functioning involves the circulation
of matter and energy between organisms and their environment.
Edaphic. The chemical and physical characteristics of a given water and
soil environment without reference to climate.
Endemic. A species restricted to a given geographical location. Native
species to a given locale.
G-3
REFERENCE MATERIAL
Evapotranspiration. The total water loss from the soil, including that
by direct evaporation and that by transpiration from the surfaces
of plants.
Exchange of Use. An agreement made with a licensee having ownership or
control of nonfederal land interspersed and grazed in conjunction
with surrounding federal range. This agreement specifies the
carrying capacity and gives the Bureau control of the nonfederal
land for grazing purposes.
Fair Condition. A range is in fair condition if the plant composition
is 15 to 39 percent of desirable and intermediate species with 5 or
more percent made up of desirable species. Soil surface factor
(SSF) is less than 60. Also, those ecosystems where the composi-
tion comprises 60 percent or more of intermediate species and less
than 5 percent desirable species are present will be rated "fair"
when SSF is less than 60.1. The actual parent compositions by
species is determined by paced transect and ocular reconnaissance
procedures. Soil surface factor is determined by an onsite investi-
gation and evaluation.
Fertility, Soil. Refers to the status of a soil with respect to the
amount and availability to plants of elements necessary for plant
growth.
Forage. Vegetation of all forms available for animal consumption.
Forb. A broadleaved herb other than grass; a weed.
Frail or Fragile Lands. Areas which exhibit low vegetation productivity
and soil stability. Surface disturbance readily accelerates ero-
sion of these areas. Soil surface factors (SSF) are in excess of
60 or in the critical or severe erosion condition classes. Because
of excessive erosion, loss of top soil, fertility and inadequate
plant cover, these areas generally have limited potential for
improvement beyond any real potential to improve under proper
livestock management.
Good Range Condition. A range is in good condition if plant composition
is 40 percent or more of both desirable and intermediate species
with at least 20 percent of the composition made up of desirable
species and has a SSF less than 40. Species composition is deter-
mined using paced transects and ocular reconnaissance procedures
and the SSF is determined directly through field investigation and
evaluation.
Grazing Cycle. The number of years required to apply all of the treat-
ments in the grazing formula to each pasture of the allotment. In
other words, it is the completion of 1 full cycle of yearly sched-
ules back to the point of beginning.
G-4
GLOSSARY
Grazing System. A systematic sequence of grazing use and nonuse of an
allotment to reach identified multiple use goals or objectives by
improving the quality and quantity of the vegetation.
Guzzlers. A water collection development designed for wildlife, espec-
ially birds.
Habitat. A specific set of physical conditions that surround the single
species, a group of species, or a large community. In wildlife
management, the major components of habitat are considered to be
food, water, cover, and living space.
Headbox. A structure of wood and/or concrete surrounding and protecting
a spring or well .
Hedging. The persistant browsing of terminal buds of browse species
causing excessive lateral branching and a reduction in upward
growth.
Herb. A seed-producing plant that does not develop persistant woody
tissue.
Herbage. Herbaceous plant growth especially fleshy, edible parts.
Infiltration. The flow of a liquid into a substance through pores or
other openings, connoting flow into a soil in contradistinction to
the word percolation which connotes flow through a porous substance.
Infiltration Rate. Characteristic describing the maximum rate at which
water can enter the soil under specific conditions including the
presence of excess water.
Insectivorous. Organisms which consume insects as a food source.
Intensity of Use. Amount of vegetation consumed by grazing herbivores
over a given time period.
Immediate Plants. Plants are secondary importance in the climax condi-
tion. They replace the desirables as condition deteriorates and
replace the least desirable plants as range condition improves.
These plants may be less palatable to grazing animals or be more
resi stent to grazing use.
Key Species. A plant that is a relatively or potentially abundant
species. It should be able to endure moderately close grazing, and
serve as an indicator of changes occurring in the vegetational
complex. The key species is an important vegetative component that
if overused, will have a significant effect on watershed conditions,
G-5
REFERENCE MATERIAL
grazing capacity, or other resource values. More than 1 key species
may be selected on an allotment. For example, a species may be
important for watershed protection, and a different species may be
important for livestock forage or wildlife forage, etc.
License. An authorization which permits the grazing of a specified
number and class of livestock on a designated area of grazing
district lands for a period of time, usually not in excess of 1
year.
Litter. A surface layer of organic debris consisting of freshly fallen
or slightly decomposed organic material. Litter is essential
because it covers and protects the soil, reduces runoff rates,
increases infiltration, and because it is continually being broken
down, it yields organic matter which improves soil fertility.
Loam. A soil in which both fine particles (silt and clay) and coarse
(sand) sizes are found.
Macroinvertebrate. Large animals; invertebrate.
Management Framework Plan (MFP). Land use plan for public lands which
provides a set of goals, objectives and constraints for a specific
planning area; a guide to the development of detailed plans for the
management of each resource.
Ocular Reconnaissance Survey. A forage survey method which inventories
vegetation by estimating total forage density, percent composition
by species and total usable forage in a given range type to deter-
mine the carrying capacity for livestock and wildlife. All of the
range surveys in Washington County utilized this method of survey
to determine carrying capacity.
Off-Road Vehicle (ORV). Any motorized vehicle designed for or capable
of cross-country travel on or immediately over land, water, sand,
snow, ice, marsh, swampland or other terrain.
Pace Transects (Toe-Pace). A method of inventory which utilizes a
transect consisting of at least 100 paces (approximately 600 feet
in length). With each pace, a "hit" is recorded which must fall
either in a notch or on a mark on the toe of your boot. The hit is
recorded as to whether it was on bare soil, litter, rock, or vegeta-
tion. If on vegetation the hit is recorded by species. Canopy
hits on shrubs and basal hits on grasses are recorded. Transects
are established to represent specific conditions within the vegeta-
tive subtype and represent ground cover characteristics within a
part of the area comprising a particular vegetation unit. Each
transect location and the number of transects taken depends on
G-6
GLOSSARY
vegetational variance, aspect, plant composition, slope, exposure,
and erosion condition. These transects are used to supply resource
information for range survey and carrying capacity computations,
range condition determinations, and to quantify specific management
objectives for measurement and attainment in the AMP. They are
most often used in connection with the ocular reconnaissance method
and serve to calibrate and supplement that procedure.
Palatability. The relish with which a particular plant species or part
is consumed by an animal. The palatability of a plant is usually
related to its ecological significance as far as succession is
concerned. That is, highly palatable plants are usually those
which are a desirable species and decrease with increasing grazing
pressure. Conversely, a low palatability usually characterizes a
species which is least desirable and increases with increasing
grazing pressure.
Paleoecological. The study of ancient or prehistoric ecology.
Pasture. A subdivision of a grazing allotment.
Pellet Groups. A group of fecal material defecated by an animal at one
time.
Percent Use. Grazing use of current growth, usually expressed as a
percent of weight removed.
Perennial Plant. A plant that has a life cycle of 3 or more years.
Because of their longevity, it is desirable to base management on
these species.
Permeability. Capacity for transmitting a fluid. It is measured by the
rate at which a fluid of standard viscosity can move through
material in a given interval of time under a given hydraulic
gradient.
Permeability, Soil. The ease with which gases, liquids, or plant roots
penetrate or pass through a layer of soil.
Permit. An authorization which allows grazing of a specific number and
class of livestock on a designated area of grazing district lands
during specified seasons each year for a period of usually 10
years.
p_H. The negative logarithm of the hydronium ion (H-0+) concentration.
H~0+ is commonly referred to as the hydrogen ion (H+) and is repor-
ted as the hydrogen ion concentration. A high pH value reflects a
low H+ concentration (alkaline condition), whereas a low pH
reflects a high H+ concentration (acid condition).
G-7
REFERENCE MATERIAL
Phenology. The science concerned with periodic biological events in
their relation to seasonal climatic changes. Plant phenology
refers to dates of sprouting, flowering, seed production, and
regrowth, as well as other observable occurrences in plant develop-
ment. Essential in developing a grazing system which will compli-
ment or conform with seasonal plant requirements.
Phreatophyte. Plants using large amounts of water; habitually sending
roots down and absorbing water from the water table or other per-
manent ground water supply.
Plant Vigor. The relative well being and health of a plant as reflected
by its ability to manufacture sufficient food for growth and main-
tenance.
Profile (Soil). The series of superimposed layers of horizons in the
soil .
Proper Use. A degree and time of use of current year's growth which if
continued will either maintain or improve the range condition
consistent with conservation or other natural resources. Proper
use can be controlled by management to meet the physiological and
phenological requirements for plant growth.
Proper Grazing Capacity. A degree and time of grazing of current year's
growth which if continued will either maintain or improve the range
condition consistent with conservation or other natural resources.
Proper grazing can be controlled by management to meet the physio-
logical and phenological requirements for plant growth.
Public Lands. Tracts of land administered by the Bureau of Land Manage-
ment. Formerly called national resource lands or public domain.
Range Condition. In this case should be referred to as grazing condi-
tion. Grazing condition is based on the percent of desirable
forage in the composition for livestock and the existing erosion
condition of a site. Condition of the range must include consid-
eration of vegetation quality and quantity and soil erosion char-
acteristics. Present range condition is determined by direct field
examination which includes transect and ocular reconnaissance
procedures as well as determination of the soil surface factor
(SSF).
Range Trend. This is the change in vegetation and soil characteristics
as a direct result of environmental factors, primarily climate and
grazing. Studies in range trend are used in combination with other
studies to evaluate allotment management plans and grazing systems.
Trend data is collected on key areas and relies on key species to
represent the pasture or allotment. A trend index is used in
G-8
GLOSSARY
evaluating trend data. This index is computed by adding the follow-
ing factors: composition of key species, total cover of key
species, number of seedings of key species, and percent litter in
entire plot. Any change in range trend is reflected by a corres-
ponding rise or decline in the trend index.
Raptors. An order of birds of prey such as the eagle, hawk, owl, and
vulture.
Replication. Repetition of experiments under controlled conditions to
obtain a specific result.
Rest. Refers to seasonal resting from grazing of a range to allow
plants to replenish their food reserves, allow seeds to ripen,
seedlings to become established, and allow litter to accumulate
between plants.
Riparian Vegetation. Plants that are adapted to moist growing condi-
tions found along waterways, ponds and generally moist environments.
SCS Range Site. A range site is a distinctive kind of rangeland that
differs from other kinds of rangeland in its ability to produce a
characteristic natural plant community. A range site is the product
of all the environmental factors responsible for its development.
It is capable of supporting a native plant community typified by an
association of species that differs from that of other range sites
in the kind or proportion of species or in total production.
Season Long Use. Grazing use made during an entire season such as
summer or winter. Usually the same use is made each year.
Soil Association. A group of defined and named taxonomic soil units
occurring together in individual and characteristic patterns over a
geographic region. Comparable to plant associations in many ways.
Soil Classification. The systematic arrangements of soils into classes
in one or more categories or levels of classification for a specific
objective. Broad groupings are made on the basis of general charac-
teristics and subdivisions on the basis of more detailed differences
in specific properties.
Soil Surface Factor (SSF). A numerical expression of surface erosion
activity caused by wind and water as reflected by soil movement,
surface litter, erosion pavement, pedcatal ling, rills, flow pat-
terns, and gullies. Values may vary from 0 for no erosion to 100
for severe erosion conditions. A determination of the SSF is made
directly in the field by evaluating each of the above factors.
G-9
REFERENCE MATERIAL
Specific Conductance. The ability of a cube 1 centimeter on a side to
conduct an electrical current. It is a function of temperature,
type of ions present, and concentrations of various ions. Estimates
the chemical quality of water samples.
Stocking Rate. The degree to which a grazing unit is stocked with
livestock, usually expressed in AUMs. The stocking rate may be
more or less than the carrying capacity.
Succulent. Having fleshy or juicy tissues.
Suspended Solids. A dispersion of solid particles in a liquid.
Sustained Yield. The achievement and maintenance in perpetuity of a
high level, annual or regular period output of the various renewable
resources of land without impairment of the productivity of the
land and its environmental values.
Trespass. The grazing of livestock on a range area without proper
authority, and resulting from a negligent or willful act.
Unallotted Lands. Those lands not allocated to a specific use.
Undesirable Plants. Consist principally of invaders, noxious, and low
value forage plants. The aim in management is to improve range
condition to a point where these species are replaced by desirable
or intermediate species.
Undulating. Having a form or outline like that of waves.
Unit Resource Analysis (URA). A comprehensive display of physical
resource data and an analysis of the current use, production,
condition and trend of the resource and the potentials and oppor-
tunities within a planning unit, including a profile of ecological
values.
Utilization. The proportion of the current year's forage production
that is consumed or destroyed by grazing animals. This may refer
either to a single species or to the whole vegeative complex.
Utilization is expressed as a percent by weight, height, or numbers
within reach of the grazine animal. The percent utilization largely
determines whether the productivity of the range will be lowered or
improved and thus directly influences range trend and condition.
Since utilization data actually records the effect of livestock
grazing on the vegetation and related resources, particularly for
watershed, it is possible to determine the correct grazing capacity
directly from utilization information. Any adjustments in carrying
capacity will be in direct proportion to the utilization desired by
the following formula:
G-10
GLOSSARY
Average Percent Utilization (present) = AUMs use at present (actual use)
Desired Utilization (if properly used) AUMs to obtain desired use
When this relationship is used in calculating carrying capacity,
both utilization data and actual use information is examined for
the same period.
Vegetative Conditional Trend. A description of the current status and
estimated future improvement or deterioration of the vegetation.
Vegetative Type. A plant community with distinguishable characteristics.
A more or less distinct vegetation unit which may be delineated on
the basis of aspect, composition, or density.
Warm Season Plant. A plant which makes most or all of its growth during
the summer or fall and is usually dormant in winter.
G-ll
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AMP
AUM
BLM
BPQ
BuRec
DWR
ES
ftVs
MFP
mg/£
ml/MPN
NEPA
ORV
SCS
T&E
URA
VRM
Allotment Management Plan
Animal Unit Month
Bureau of Land Management
Base Property Qualification
Bureau of Recreation
Division of Wildlife Resources
Environmental Statement
Cubic foot per second
Management Framework Plan
Mili gram per liter
Milliliter Per Most Probable Number
National Environmental Policy Act
Off-Road vehicle
Soil Conservation Service
Threatened and Endangered
Unit Resource Analysis
Visual Resource Management
Abb
A-l
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R-l
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R-2
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R-3
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R-4
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R-6
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R-9
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION
DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
THE PROBABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED ACTION
MITIGATING MEASURES NOT INCLUDED IN THE PROPOSED ACTION
ANY ADVERSE IMPACTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED SHOULD BE
PROPOSAL BE IMPLEMENTED
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT
AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY
IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENT OF RESOURCES
ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION
CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION
App
APPENDIXES
GLOSSARY
Abb
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES CITED
<t U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978 0--262-542
HOT DESERT ES
<N>
Scale in Miles
WILDLIFE -2 B,C,D,F,H,I,J
WATERSHED - 5 B,C
LANDS - 7 A,B,C
RANGE MANAGEMENT
LIVESTOCK TRAILS
RECREATION - | A,B
DECISIONS
MFP
(SOLID LINE ENCLOSEDAREA)
RECOMMENDATIONS
(DASHED LINE ENCLOSEDAREA)
FIGURE 1-12
VIRGIN RIVER
MFP
SUMMARY MAP
HOT DESERT ES
<2>
Scale in Miles
LEGEND
I I PUBLIC LANDS
I I STATE OF UTAH
| | PRIVATE
EXCLUDED LANDS
ES BOUNDARY
UTAH
LOCATION MAP
FIGURE 1-13
LAND STATUS
HOT DESERT ES
<£>
Scale in Miles
LEGEND
NORMAL ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
NORMAL MAY-SEPTEMBER PRECIPITA-
TION
NUMBERS INDICATE AVERAGE ANNUAL INCHES
OF PRECIPITATION
EXCLUDED AREAS
FIGURE 2-1
ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
HOT DESERT ES
<A>
Scale in Miles
LEGEND
I lALUVIUM AND OTHER COVERING
DEPOSITS
| | VOLCANIC ASH AND BASALT
| | IGNEOUS INTRUSIVES
j ~B SANDSTONE AND CONGLOMERATE
j. [ SHALE AND SILTSTONE
| | LIMESTONE
^BmETAMORPHIC ROCK
EXCLUDED AREAS
FIGURE 2-2
DISTRIBUTION OF
ROCK TYPES
HOT DESERT ES
<£>
Scale in Miles
LEGEND
TOBLER-HARRISBURG- JUNCTION
WINKEL-ROCK LAND
PINTURA-TOQUERV1LLE-DUNE LAND
CAVE
BADLAND-ERODED LAND
BOND-ROCK LAND
ROCK LAND-MATHIS
ROCK OUTCROP- ROCK LAND
NAPLENE-REDBANK-SCHMUTZ
MESPUIM-ROCK LAND
CURHOLLOW-PASTURA-MAGOTSU
MOTOGUA-QUAZO-DAGFLAT
WELRING-TORTUGAS-ROCK OUTCROP
COLLBRAN-TACAN-NEHAR
PAUNSAUGUNT-KOLOB-DALCAN
BARKERVILLE-GADDES-ROCK OUTCROP
ANTHONY-VINTON-AQUA
FIGURE 2-3
SOIL ASSOCIATIONS
D FROM GENERAL SOIL MAP, WASHINGTON COUNTY AREA, USOA, SOIL CONSERVaT^ONSERvIctTi^
HOT DESERT ES
<N>
Scale in Miles
LEGEND
GRASS
SAGEBRUSH
PINYON - JUNIPER
| | CREOSOTE BUSH
[ | SALT BUSH
| J DESERT SHRUB
| j HALF SHRUB
| J ANNUAL
| | JOSHUA TREES
j" "" | WASTE
EXCLUDED LANDS
MAJOR AREAS OF
PRIVATE LANDS
LZZ1
FIGURE 2-5
VEGETATIVE TYPES
HOT DESERT ES
<N>
> i i
Scale in Miles
LEGEND
RIPARIAN VEGETATION
EXCLUDED LANDS
DISTRIBUTION OF THREATENED AND
ENDANGERED PLANTS
^- ARCTOMECON HUMILIS
A ECHINOCEREUS .ENGELMANNH
# PEDIOCACTUS SILERI
I PROPOSED MITIGATED AREAS
FIGURE 2-6
RIPARIAN VEGETATION AND
THREATENED/ ENDANGERED
PLANTS
HOT DESERT ES
<2>
Scale in Miles
LEGEND
HERD UNIT BOUNDARY
NORMAL WINTER RANGE
CRITICAL WINTER RANGE
RESIDENT HERDS
DEER PELLET GROUP
TRANSECTS (UDWR)
BROWSE TRANSECTS (BLM)
EXCLUDED LANDS
FIGURE 2-14
DEER DISTRIBUTION
DATA FROM UTAH DIVISION OF WILDLIFE RESOURCES AND BLM UNIT RESOURCE ANALYSIS MAPS
HOT DESERT ES
<£>
Scale in Miles
LEGEND
DESERT TORTOISE -
PRESENT CONCENTRATIONS
DESERT TORTOISE -
GENERAL RANGE
PEREGRINE FALCON
OCCURRENCE
GAMBEL'S QUAIL -
GENERAL RANGE
POTENTIAL BIGHORN SHEEP
TRANSPLANT AREA
EXCLUDED LANDS
FIGURE 2-15
DESERT TORTOISE, PEREGRINE
FALCON, GAMBEL'S QUAIL AND
POTENTIAL BIGHORN SHEEP
TRANSPLANT AREAS
HOT DESERT ES
<£>
Scale in Miles
LEGEND
NATIONAL FOREST
NATIONAL PARK
ROAD
STREAM CHANNEL
EXCLUDED LANDS
TOWN
FIGURE 2-17
DRAINAGE PATTERNS
HOT DESERT ES
<£>
Scale in Miles
o
LEGEND
STATE REGISTER OF HISTORIC SITES
RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE
RECORDED HISTORIC SITE
NATIONAL REGISTER SITE
ANTONIO ARMIJO TRAIL
OLD SPANISH, YOUNT-WOLFSKILL
AND FREMONT 1844 TRAILS
JEDEDIAH SMITH TRAIL
TEMPLE TRAIL
HONEYMOON TRAIL
DOMINGUEZ-ESCALANTE TRAIL
DESERET TELEGRAPH LINE
EXCLUDED LANDS
FIGURE 2-I8
RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL
AND HISTORIC SITES AND TRAILS
HOT DESERT ES
<2i>
Scale in Miles
LEGEND
ESTIMATED SITES PER
SQUARE MILE
Qo-3
□ 4-12
■ 13-24
I 25-40
I — I MAJOR AREAS OF
I I PRIVATE LANDS
^ EXCLUDED LANDS
FIGURE 2-19
PROJECTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL
SITE DENSITY
HOT DESERT ES
<£>
Scale in Miles
LEGEND
CLASS ll-CHANGES IN ANY OF THE BASIC
ELEMENTS (FORM, LINE, COLOR, TEXTURE
SHOULD NOT BE EVIDENT)
CLASS III -CHANGES IN THE BASIC ELE-
MENTS MAY BE EVIDENT, BUT SHOULD
REMAIN SUBORDINATE
CLASS IV-CHANGES MAY SUBORDINATE
THE ORIGINAL COMPOSITION BUT MUST
REFLECT A NATURAL OCCURRENCE
EXCLUDED LANDS
FIGURE 2-20
VISUAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
CLASSIFICATION
§0
3
(1 3
03
50
p£
m
ho
-^— E.S. AREA
— EXISTING ALLOTMENTS
EXISTING DEVELOPMENTS
I — II — I PIPELINE
« CATTLEGUARD
w SPRING DEVELOPMENT
© WELL
•» TROUGH
• TANK
- » » FENCE
CJ. RESERVOIR
&Zd SEEDING
O CORRAL
EXISTING ALLOTMENT AND DEVELOPMENTS
FIGURE 2-23
BOUNDARIES
^— " E.S. AREA
— — PROPOSED ALLOTMENTS
PROPOSEO PASTURES
PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS
i — M — i PIPELINE
« CATTLEGUARD
M SPRING DEVELOPMENT
0 WELL
i WATER CATCHMENT
tf TROUGH
»— « — - FENCE
■=( RESERVOIR
2Z22 SEEDING (CHAIN OR DISK)
== TRAIL
PROPOSAL COMPONENTS
(M) MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(0 CUSTODIAL
(E) ELIMINATION OF GRAZING
NOTE- TABLE I — 10 SHOWS SPECIFIC GRAZING STSTEMS,
SEASON OF USE, AND RANGE DEVELOPMENTS FOR
PROPOSED ALLOTMENTS.
PROPOSED ALLOTMENTS AND DEVELOPMENTS
FIGURE 1-2
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